The Astrolabe Using the Stars for Navigation and Timekeeping

Want to know where you are on Earth? Check out Google Maps or Google Earth. Want to know what time it is? Your watch or iPhone can tell you that in a flash. Want to know what stars are up in the sky? Digital planetarium apps and software give you that information as soon as you tap them on. We live in  a remarkable age when you have such information at your fingertips. For most of history, this wasnt the case. While today we might use  star charts to locate objects in the sky, back in the days before electricity, GPS systems, and telescopes, people had to figure out that same information using only what they had handy: the daytime and nighttime sky, the Sun, Moon, planets, stars, and constellations. The Sun rose in the East, set in the West, so that gave them their directions. The North Star in the night-time sky gave them the idea of where North was. However, it wasnt long before they invented instruments to help them determine their positions more accurately. Mind you, this was in the centuries before the invention of the telescope (which happened in the 1600s and is credited variously to Galileo Galilei or Hans Lippershey). People had to rely on naked-eye observations before that. Introducing the Astrolabe One of those instruments was the astrolabe. Its name literally means star taker. It was in use well into the Middle Ages and Renaissance and is still in limited use today. Most people think of astrolabes as being used by navigators and scientists of old. The technical term for astrolabe is inclinometer—which describes perfectly what it does: it allows the user to measure the inclined position of something in the sky (the Sun, Moon, planets, or stars) and use the information to determine your latitude, the time at your location, and other data. An astrolabe usually has a map of the sky etched onto metal (or can be drawn onto wood or cardboard). A couple of thousand years ago, these instruments put the high in high tech and were the hot new thing for navigation and timekeeping. Even though astrolabes are extremely ancient technology, theyre still in use today and people still learn to make them as part of learning astronomy. Some science teachers have their students create an astrolabe in class. Hikers sometimes use them when theyre going to be out of reach of GPS or cellular service. You can learn to make one yourself by following this handy guide on the NOAA website. Because astrolabes measure things that move in the sky, they  have both fixed and moving parts. The fixed pieces have time scales etched (or drawn) on them, and the rotation pieces simulate the daily motion we see in the sky. The user lines up one of the moving parts with a celestial object to learn more about its height in the sky (azimuth). If this instrument seems very much like a clock, thats not a coincidence. Our system of timekeeping is based on sky motions—recall that one apparent trip of the Sun through the sky is considered a day. So, the first mechanical astronomical clocks were based on astrolabes. Other instruments that you may have seen, including planetariums, armillary spheres, sextants, and planispheres, are based on the same ideas and design as the astrolabe. Whats in an Astrolabe? The astrolabe may look complex, but its based on a simple design. The main part is a disk called the mater (Latin for mother). It can contain one or more flat plates that are called tympans (some scholars call them climates). The mater holds the tympans in place, and the main tympan contains information about a specific latitude on the planet. The mater has the hours and minutes, or degrees of arc engraved (or drawn) on its edge. It also has other information drawn or engraved on its back. The mater and tympans rotate. Theres also a rete, which contains a chart of the brightest stars in the sky. These main parts are what make an astrolabe. There are very plain ones, while others can be quite ornate and have levers and chains attached to them, as well as decorative carvings and metalwork. Using an Astrolabe Astrolabes are somewhat esoteric in that they give you information that you then use to calculate other information. For example, you could use it to figure out the rising and setting times for the Moon, or a given planet. If you were a sailor back in the day you would use a mariners astrolabe to determine the latitude of your ship while at sea. What you would do is measure the altitude of the Sun at noon, or of a given star at night. The degrees the Sun or star lay above the horizon would give you an idea of how far north or south you were as you sailed around the world. Who Created the Astrolabe? The earliest astrolabe is thought to have been created by Apollonius of Perga. He was a geometer and astronomer and his work influenced later astronomers and mathematicians. He used principles of geometry to measure and try to explain the apparent motions of objects in the sky. The astrolabe was one of several inventions he made to aid in his work. The Greek astronomer Hipparchus is often credited with inventing the astrolabe, as is the Egyptian astronomer Hypatia of Alexandria. Islamic astronomers, as well as those in India and Asia also worked on perfecting the mechanisms of the astrolabe, and it remained in use for both scientific and religious reasons for many centuries. There are collections of astrolabes in various museums around the world, including the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, the Deutsches Museum in Munich, The Museum of the History of Science at Oxford in England, Yale University, the Louvre in Paris, and others.

Theory of Planned Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1646 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Rodgers and Sheldon (2002) observed the motivational factors behind internet shopping and suggested four underlying motives which are information, communication, exploration and acquisition. In conducting marketing research for e-commerce companies it is particularly important to study the consumer internet usage pattern. The need of the consumer which may be termed as the ultimate function or utility of the consumer instigates the requirement of conducting a particular behaviour. To understand the motives of each segment and to discover naturally occurring consumer groups drive towards knowing the characteristics and needs of every segment. Strategic and competitive advantage can be gained through identifying the unique needs and attitudes of the diverge consumer segments. Theory of planned behaviour The human decision making process could be explained by the theory of planned behaviour which is an extension of the theory of reasoned action. The variables i n the theory are attitude, behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and intention. As an extension of theory of reasoned action, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) explains the human decision making process (Azjen 1985, 1991; Azjen and Fishbein 1980). TPB assists the researcher in explaining behaviors over which individuals have incomplete voluntary control (See Figure 1). Variables included in the theory include a) attitude, b) behavior, c) subjective norm, d) perceived behavior control, and e) intention. Attitude toward a behavior and subjective norm about engaging in a behavior are supposed to control intention. Attitude depicts an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s feelings, inclination or disinclination towards performing a behavior. Subjective norms reveal the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of the influence of significant others (e.g., family, friends, peers, etc.) TPB additionally includes perceived behavior control over engaging in behaviors as an i nfluential form of intention. Perceived behavior control (PBC) relates to the sense of uncertainty that influences behavior directly or indirectly. As shown in the Figure 1, the Theory of Planned Behavior Model suggests that human behavioral decision- making is partially controlled by the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s actions. This part is defined as the perceived behavioral control variable. The perceived behavioral control variable may influence behavior through its impact on intentions as well as directly. For example, a consumer might refrain from shopping online if he/she perceives the purchasing process is complicated or if does not possess a credit card. Such considerations are incorporated into the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen 1985, 1991). TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) Adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action (Azjen 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen 1975), the Technological Acceptance Model suggests that a prospective technology userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s over all attitudes toward using a given technology-based system or procedure represents major determinants as to whether or not he/she will ultimately use the system (Davis 1993). TAM has been utilized in numerous settings involving varying forms of Theory of Planned Behavior (Figure-1) Attitude towards the behavior Intention Perceived behavioral Control Subjective Norm Behavior 11 technological adoption (Venkatesh and Davis 2000). It has also been successfully applied to help understand and explain the adoption of information systems/technology in marketing contexts; including Internet-based, retail consumer behaviors (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cass and Fenech 2003). In marketing contexts, external variables examined include shopping motives (Eastlick and Feinberg 1999), consumer skill/expertise, demographics (Mattilia et al. 2003), personality characteristics, and computer anxiety (Harrison and Rainer 1992). Diffusion of Innovation The concept of innova tion has received a great deal of attention within the diffusion of innovation framework particularly in relation to the information technology and marketing research (Agarwal and Prasad 1998; Midgley and Dowling 1978; Rogers, 1995). According to the Diffusion of Innovation a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢personal innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- construct is conceptualized as the degree and pace of adoption of innovation by an individual. The innovativeness concept represents an innate phenomenon and is widely used in psychology to identify innovative characteristics of individuals (Kirton 1976). Innovativeness is considered a generalized personality trait (also called ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢global innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-) (Goldsmith and Hofacker 1991; Goldsmith et al. 1995). The conceptualization of innovativeness has also been examined in marketing literature (e.g., Midgley and Dowling 1978; Flynn and Goldsmith 1993). Consum ers who are innovative are representative as being highly abstract and possess a generalized personality trait (Im, Bayus, and Mason 2003). Examples as to the levels of abstraction inherent across the various literatures utilizing this perspective include ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢a willingness to changeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- (Hurt et al. 1977) and the receptivity to new experiences and novel stimuli (Goldsmith 1984; Leavitt and Walton 1975). In general however, consumers are not necessarily receptive to change. The Internet is a fairly new and discontinuous innovation. That is, a form of innovation that requires individuals to learn new skills in order to use the technology. Research reveals that diffusion of innovation theory is applicable to the study of online shopping. Specifically, consumers who have personal preferences of shopping in a brick-and-mortar store or patronize one specific retailer will typically have difficulty in changing purchasing patterns (Kaufm an-Scarborough and Lindquist, 2002). Consumers who prefer traditional retail channels or conversations with customer service personnel during the purchasing process will typically avoid the online shopping channel regardless of the benefits offered (e.g., convenience). Perceived Risks Online transaction involves a temporal separation of payment and product delivery. A consumer must provide financial information (e.g., credit card details) and personal information (e.g., name, address and phone number) for delivery in order to complete the purchasing process. Risks perceived or real, exist due to technology failure (e.g., breaches in the system) or human error (e.g., data entry mistakes). The most frequently cited risks associated with online shopping include financial risk (e.g., is my credit card information safe?), product risk (e.g., is the product the same quality as viewed on the screen?), convenience (e.g., Will I understand how to order and return the merch andise?), and non-delivery risk (e.g., What if the merchandise is not delivered?) The level of uncertainty surrounding the online purchasing process influences consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" perceptions regarding the perceived risks (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Financial Risk: Financial risk is a possibility with shopping online due to the fact that consumers disclose sensitive information (e.g., credit card information) to a vendor. While the majority of online retailers are legitimate and have a secure website, there may be some illegal persons posing as online retailing for the purpose of credit card fraud (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Security of the financial information and resources is the number one consumer of US online shoppers (Ranganathan and Ganapathy 2002). The perceived level of risk is often the deciding factor regarding which retail channel to patronize (i.e., brick-and-mortar vs. online retailer). Although research regarding Indianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of financi al risk could not be found, it can be assumed that consumers in India and indeed worldwide have similar concerns regarding the perceived financial risk associated with online shopping. Product risk: Product risk consists of the risk associated with making an unwise or inappropriate purchase decision. The decision is typically made based on insufficient information that was provided on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s website. Product risk may also be the risk of purchasing an expensive product because of the inability to compare prices, being unable to easily return a product, or not receiving delivery on a purchased product (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000). Poor product performance is another type of product risk. As customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" expectations of product performance increase, the potential for product performance problem also increases (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000, Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Convenience Risk: Convenience risk addresses the risk associated with the ease (or lack thereof) with ordering products and services through an online retailer. In a brick-and mortar store, consumers can readily solve their purchasing problems by going into the store as most retailers have a designated Return Department. The process is handledÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-face-to-face.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" The transaction is convenient in part because consumers are accustomed to the process. Online retailing poses a convenience risk. To ask questions, return a product, find a different size, or complain, consumers are unable to walk into the store. Instead, each online retailer has a different protocol. Some online retailers have a phone line, while others require the consumers to e-mail the question or comment. The consumers often perceive an increased level of convenience risk because they have a loss of connection with the retailer (Poal and Leunis 1999). After-sales service and timely responses to enq uiries are of great importance to consumers (Spence et al. 1970; Festervand et al. 1986). Non-delivery Risk: Once a consumer purchases a product online, delivery is the final step of the process. The risk of delayed and non-delivery of product. Since there is a physical separation between customers and products in web interface, it creates order assembly and transportation costs that are not incurred in traditional retailing (Rosen Howard 2000). These costs are so high that firms have no choice but to charge the shipping cost to the customers. Survey results have indicated that shipping fees are the main complaint of more than 50 percent of online shoppers and that more than 60 percent of shoppers have abandoned an order when shipping fees are added (Ernst and Young 1999). Lewis (2006) found that higher shipping fees are associated with reduced ordering rates, and policies that charge more shipping fees to larger orders lead to reduced order size. Time taken in receipt of order is also an important element in online shopping. Demographics Previous research has revealed that online buying behavior is affected by demographics, channel knowledge, perceived channel utility and shopping orientations (e.g., Li, Cheng, and Russell 1999; Weiss 2001). Results indicate that compared with brick-and-mortar shoppers, online consumers tend to be are older (Bellman et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Weiss 2001), better educated (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), have higher income (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), and more technologically savvy (Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003). Men are more likely to purchase products and/or services from the Internet than women (Garbarino Strahilevitz 2004; Korgaonkar and Wolin 1999; Slyke et al. 2002). Reasons for shopping online have been cited for time efficiency, avoidance of crowds, and 24 hour shopping availability (Karayann i 2003). Don’t waste time! 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Remove obstacles Free Essays

string(170) " strategy is its creation of new undiscovered markets through innovative activities, this strategy is value innovation and ultimately renders the competition irrelevant\." This is because the owner of the Chinese factory will not acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner and Lack of knowledge on International supply chain by the management 3) Macro – Economic:- The economy of every country and region differs In Its fundamental economic heartsickness, UN like Australia where there is relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and CARR of athletic apparel grew at 8. 3% comparing with other country CARR 0. 8%. We will write a custom essay sample on Remove obstacles or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Socio economic 5) Financial 6) Legal 7) Physical 8) Political 9) Acculturation 10) Labor 1 1) Technological Benefits of globalization:- 1 )Cost benefit 2) Tattling benefit 3) Learning benefit 4) Arbitrage benefit Module 2:- Value chain of sports:- The mall supply chain for Seek seems quite short. It begins with producers of cloth and other materials for fashion clothes. Materials are purchased by the businesses that manufacture the clothing for Seek. The manufacturers are mainly small independent firms in Russia and Malaysia, but the company has its own small manufacturing subsidiary. The manufactured goods are transported to the company’s distribution centre in Russia. Seek buys the manufactured clothes that It has designed, and distributes them to centre in France. Retailers may be department stores or its own stores. There are also some e-sales direct to customers. There may be some weaknesses in the supply chain. Most sales are in Europe but most manufacturing is in Russia (Eastern Europe) or Malaysia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing, the costs of transporting the clothes to the distribution centre in Russia and then to the distribution centre in France may be quite high. There is no information about the efficiency of Cheeks delivery system, but operating with two distribution centers may be inefficient and slow down the transfer of manufactured goods to shops. Its competitor Ezra has a manufacturing centre in Europe and a modern distribution system. This may give Ezra a strategic advantage because transport costs should be lower and distribution times quicker. Ezra operates a Just in time system for ordering goods from manufacturers, and this seems to be more successful than Cheeks attempts to do the same thing. The supply chain operates slowly between Seek and its manufacturers, and this may put the company at a disadvantage compared with Ezra and H. Value chain of Sports apparel r SUPPLY CHAIN 1) Initial research :- Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Research plays a considerable time and money for value creation. 2) Target identified and validated :- A new product line hat daze is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards. These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. 3) Optimization :- 4) Development:- Dakar currently has a team of in house designers and sports scientist. The seven designers come form a variety of professional backgrounds, including fashion,sportswear swim wear and lingerie. 5) Testing :- Samples are generally created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. And company has a highly experienced team who cut make and trim the sample armaments prior to large scale production. ) Production:- Production occurs at a Chinese, family owned sports swear clothing manufacturer 7) Marketing:- In Australia Dakar operation through Online stores, with approximately 20 outlets. Distribution also occurs through major chains of sporting goods retailers and department stores. Through global Dakar operates through online and through agency agreements. Normal Supply chain:- The Main supply chain of Dakar is quite s hort. It begins with Innovation of product from the in-house R center, manufacturing in china, sales in online, distribution center. Weakens in supply chain:- Most sales happens in Australia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing the cost of transpiration the clothes to the distribution center in Australia may be quite high Industry segmentation:- Industry:- Athletic apparel Industry segmentation, Products:- Compression Tights, T-shirts and shorts, Triathlon suits and lightweight running singlet’s and shorts. Life cycle stage:- Growth:- As the Compounded annual growth rate of Australia market grew at 8. 3% from 2008 to 2012. Remote Environment:- Social:- The Australian market is perceived as a ideal market to test products placements on educated and informed consumers. This is beaus Australia has a relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and relatively high levels of physical activity per capita, the highly developed Australian economy is dominated by a larger proportion of consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes. Technology:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Industry environment analysis:- Threat of new entrants to the industry:- As Athletic apparel great at a CARR at 0. % there is less chance that new competitor coming into the industry. Industries dominated by branded products are difficult to enter due to large amount of time and money required to create a competing branded products. And also Access to distribution channels as their goods and services through established distribution channels as those have already been locked by existing competitors. Market segment Analysis:- What makes a market:- Markets are aggregates of consumer groups with similar needs. Consumers having relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity. Needs:-Compression apparel is designed to improve athletic performance by reducing muscle vibration and improving circulation. Preferences:-This apparel has been credited not only with increasing athletic performance, but also with reducing recovery time and post exercise soreness Current solutions:- Market size:- This market contributes 10. 9 % of overall world Athletic apparel. Market growth:- The compression apparel has been exponential growth in the past five years with some us industry reports suggesting annual sales growth of 55% from 007-2010 and 68 percent of 20101-2013. Blue ocean strategy:- New customer markets:- This strategy is its creation of new undiscovered markets through innovative activities, this strategy is value innovation and ultimately renders the competition irrelevant. You read "Remove obstacles" in category "Papers" Consumer value is created through innovative activities that provide new and improved offerings Like Dakar is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards. These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. This will help consumer increased circulation to enhance recovery ND reduce soreness as well as providing sun protection. This protective sleeves market. Key success factors for Sports apparel are:- 1) Processing efficiency:- the organization must be price competitive on a global basis to compete effectively with local and global competitors. ) Product quality:- The organization must produce consistently reliable high quality products and position its brand to represent quality and good value 3) Understanding the customer. The organization must understand what the customer wants and needs what they value and where and when they want to shop 4) Product differentiation and innovation. To stay competitive the organization must be able to respond to changing customer needs and wants by delivering products in innovative ways. 5) The company has a broad portfolio of products. It does not rely for its success on one product or a limited range of products. A broad portfolio of products means that the company is not exposed to the risk of decline in the market for one or even a number of its products. Some products may be in decline but there will also be products that are still in the growth phase of their life cycle. 6) The organization must create customer wariness of the benefits associated with its products and where they can be purchased and products must be available where they shop. MODULE 3 Strategic drivers:- 1) Industry and Market:- Athletic apparel 2) Products:- compression tights, T-shirts, and shorts, triathlon suites, outerwear and other items designed to be worn before and after sporting activity 3) Customers:- Consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes 4) Channels:- Dakar operates its own network of retail stores in Australia with 20 outlets, sporting goods retailers and department stores, online, and n international market through agency agreement example Singapore and Taiwan. ) Competitive advantage:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products Innovation.. Product reliability of their brand in Australia and other countries for last 5 years and also exclusive distribution channel also making the product differentiation. And also having wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider. Establishing a certain consistent image in the market, such as romp, courteous service can also be used as differentiating factor by the organization. Operation drivers:- Profit:- There is an increase in profit from 1. 1 Million to 21. 6 million and percentage of margin increased from 8% to 32. 5%. Cost:- Cost percentage has been decreased driver to order to meet the operation driver. Peoples and organization drivers:- The culture of an organization along with the employees it attracts and the resources it develops will naturally direct an organization. Strategic capabilities:- Valuable, rare, difficult to imitate or replicate, non substituted. SOOT analysis:- Strengths:- Well established organization structure, and passionate employees led by an executive management team that has largely keen in place since the company inception. The core group of employees have been individuals who love sport and exercise and also created by a group of elite athletes with an entrepreneurial dream. The culture at Dakar has typically been one of energy and excitement. Dakar is one of the leading brand in Australia Production quality is consistently maintained by their production centre in china Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and placement to introduce new products. Avian wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider had a good team of in house designer and sports scientists good work culture Opportunities:- Dakar share of market is only 5. 5% of total 1. 2 billion, the sales need to be scaled up in order to gain the market share International expansion thro ugh JP and agreement with other companies Online sales are the big opportunity for expanding into international market. Weakness:- production capacity cannot be increased as their manufacturing facility in china to willing to acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner Through agency agreements in place it does not currently opiate any company owned offices outside of Australia Threats:- Employees are currently appears to be a high level of inertia, confusion and uncertainty within the organization and its employees. Entry barriers like sheer quantity of retail outlet in Asia markets and regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in some Asian countries. Unlike CARR in Australia with 8. 3 % globally it was only 0. %. So same level margin cannot be expected by the Dakar. Gap Analysis:- The Dakar business is looking for International expansion opportunities and has identified the following gaps that need to be addressed in its business strategy. Capacity to business strategy gaps Production capacity cannot be increased to the anticipated demand Environment to business strategy gaps:- Global Leticia apparel grew at a CARR at 0. 8 % comparing with Australia CARR 8. 3% The sheer quantity of retail outlets in Asian markets. The regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in Aids etc there will be high switching cost to find new customer globally. Key stakeholders Gap:- In employees there is a growing perception that the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence growth and forts and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Ken tucked General Manager operations who takes care of production process has been suffering from rare illness and is planning to retire from daze within the next 6 months. Dakar need to find out the appropriate person to take of production process after Daze retirement. A lack of experience in lobar industry by the employees towards globalization Module 4:- Market development:- page 4. 14 Dakar is an alternative approach to product development is find new markets for existing products. Although the products are unchanged it is not clear how the related markets will respond to products that have not been specially designed for them and related market development can occur through expanding geographically. Innovation:- Innovation is the act of introducing something new. It is the process of creating a new product service proceed or other idea for an organization that will exults in increased customer value and positive changes in efficiency, quality, competitiveness, market share etc. Innovation process value chain in Dakar:- 1) Company invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products and come out with an innovative idea. ) The product development team of in house designers and sports scientist will created a product that meet the Idea off product 3) These sample products are created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. Dakar has a highly experienced team ho cut make and trim the sample garments prior to large scale production. 4) Once the product is satisfactory then the production will be taken place in their Chicane’s, family owned sportswear clothing manufacturer. 5) Marketing of the products ha ppens through Online, company owned outlets and international through Agency agreements. Key success factor for new product development and implementation:- 1) Affiance of development:- Dakar spends considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products was comprehensive and effective in order to ensure success. )Seniority and authority of responsible managers:- Dakar is renowned for its commitment to product development since inception of the company. This is evident through its many successful brands and constant successful development. Development of New geographic markets:- The ability of an organization to internationalist depends on its ability to appreciate the environmental differences, understand the risks and implications, and then counter or adapt to them successfully. Critical questions to be addressed by any organization contemplating new market development include the following:- 1) The size and alee of the proposed market:- The global market for athletic apparel is 67. 7 but Australia share was only 1. 2 billion only 1% of the global market, there is a huge scope for the company to get the Market share. ) Market Growth:- Unlike CARR in Common mode of entry into new geographic markets:- page 4. 48 Module 5 Dakar will comes under organic systems Module 6:- Strategic leadership style:- Risk takers:- Key managers in Dakar are:- Will winsome CEO founder of the Dakar Jan Taylor leader the organization strategy in may 2010 Ken tucked, General manager production is there since Dakar started its business Mean Me an worked with Dakar since 2008 acting as an COOP Most of employees has completed good number of years in Dakar through out its growth phase By the above data we can come to an conclusion that Strategic leadership style was risk takers. -s Model:-This model is useful tool for testing whether a proposed strategy will achieve its aim by asking whether it aligns with the seven major areas under the model Strategy:- the vision of the company is to become one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands and its strategy towards to achieve its mission to increased sales by 10 time over the next 10 years, wrought entering into the new Geographical locations. Employees are feeling unsecured because they are in constant touch with executive team through the growth of the organization. Once company becomes global there may be chance the Executive team will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Management should provide clear guidance and make sure that all the level of employee are participating to achieve to full fill company vision Structure:- the structure of the Dakar adopts with the globalization because there manufacturing facility is china and some portion of sales are through online and Agency agreement del. Systems:- Entering into new Geographical location will the current systems of organization. As they had good supply chain management because of the online sales and agency model Resources:- The manufacturing capacity which is china cannot improve the capacity with its current capacity in order to meet the demand. Company should look for an better alternative into to make sure the supply meets demand Skills:- The executive team does not have the international experience except Jane Taylor who is an General Manager strategy. Style Shared values :- Successful development of new markets:- page 4. 1) The identifiable benefits of expanding into the new market must be I line with the long term strategic goals of the organization 2) The organization must ensure that it has sufficient cash reserves to finance the new business until such time as it becomes self supporting 3) The organization should perform both internal and external analysis. The role of communication:- page 7. 37 Cotters 8 steps leadership:- Create Urgency:- Global athletic apparel market 67. Billion and Australia m arket data to the employee and their position in the global market in order to understand where there stand in the global market. This happens employee think what are the management expectation from the employee. It is the step where people need to know the need for change and what change is necessary for the company. Form a powerful coalition:- The leader need to convince the people for change. Many employees of Dakar Joined because it was a small, friendly and vibrant company that was popular and well respected in the Australia market. So, this is a very difficult task and need a real leadership quality to be done. Create a vision:- Dakar vision to be one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands. It hold 40% share in Australia arrest in order to achieves its vision. It should expand in the international expansion opportunities through JP, Franchise, Retail or through Online mode. Several ideas and concepts should be organized properly in a proper form in order to make the person understand it. This will help Dakar employees to understand need for change. Communicate the vision:- it is not Just enough to communicate the vision to the people but it should be done with great power and confidence on a regular basis so that people can trust on it and it remains fresh in their mind so that they can respond accordingly. When ever Dakar opens the new stores and any product launches Will Winsome CEO will be presented. So he need to communicated to the employee what are the idea and vision of the Dakar. Remove obstacles:- instead of people accepting and promoting the change there are certain resisting the change due to which obstacles are often created in the path of the change so the leader need to identify these and correct these by giving rewards to those working good for the change and motivating the one who resisting it. The main perception in the employees was the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence, Roth and profits and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. In order to avoid this the, Executive team need to make sure that all the employee who made a Dakar as employee of choice need to give chance to them. So that their perception will be removed from their mindset. Short term wins:- during the change in order to motivate the employees and boost up their performance short term targets should be given so that the employees could work hard to achieve it but after achievement they will be high on energy and performance. Assurance from will income that the company is planning to introduce an employee share program offered to full-time employees who have been employed by Dakar for more than 10 years is an example. Build on chance:- build on the change: the reason of most of the failures of change is the early declaration of victory, changes need to be done slowly and the impacts should not be Judged too early and the long term goals should be focused on. Anchor the changes in corporate: finally it should be taken care of that the change is done properly and is used in the regular day to day life of the work and the leaders would keep on supporting the change so that the employees and the new leaders who are brought in should feel comfortable working. An acquisition strategy can bring more immediate results, possible with less apexes and risk than starting a new subsidiary business operations. In order to become the global player M activity activity is must in order capture the market share. In order t o be successful in acquisition strategy. Dakar team need to take care these issues Purpose of acquisition towards global reach is an important aspect to be communicated to the employees Dakar Executive team should be have the focus n pursuing the strategy Jane Taylor organization strategy development lead has good knowledge on the international expansion which will help the company to resolve the implementation issues Dakar employee should be provided with enough growth in global expansion strategy otherwise there is chance of losing Key talent Acquisition is the best for market penetration because:- 1) Speed of entry :- There strategy towards achievement of the company vision by increasing sales by 10 times over the next 10 years can happen only if the market penetration happens through acquisition of new global entity 2) Vertical Integration:- Through acquiring the good company which has the good capacity to increase the production, because excising manufacturer in china will not to able to deliver the additional quantiti es required to meet anticipated demand and with reasonable time frames. 3) Technical leakage:- Dakar has spend good number of amount of R, which will differential with there competitors. If there is an acquisition there will be low risk of Technical knowledge leakage 4) Market Penetration:- Market penetration can happened very quickly because total market of acquired firm will the market of Dakar. Not need to again start from the scratch. How to cite Remove obstacles, Papers

Receiving and Referring Investigation Statutory Reports

Question: Discuss about the Receiving and Referring for Investigation Statutory Reports. Answer: Introduction: We would like to represent on you on the company accounting system made on the recommendation and feasibility report. In this report I am discussing about the company sources of findings as well as companys policy on corporate governance as well as also provide the suggestion. Funding is backbone of any organization and it helps the organization to achieve its set of objective in most effective and successful manner (Bragg, 2009). Therefore the funding associated with the finance is also most vital for the company Rio Tinto that is based upon the global mining and metals groups focused upon mining, funding, marketing as well as processing the Earths mineral resources. So that to obtain the objective in most vital as well as effective manner the organization implementing both internal as well as external sources of finances. The organization work on the high and effective quality project delivering company leading returns across the wide range of supplies. Therefore to obtain such quality of product the organization implementing internal sources of findings such as owners findings as well as existing cash reserves as well as future earnings from processing ore supplies. The main benefits of implementation of such type of sources of finances are that the com pany does not require repaying the interest. As per the evaluation and analysis of the financial statement it has been seen that company requires funds for development and well as extension objective with not raising the share capitals. Therefore to generate better fund the company borrow fund from the general public with the help of implementing issuing the certificates at fixed rate. Making funds such type of techniques known as debenture. As per the company financial report 2015, it has been obtained that the company obtaining funding from the equity share as well as quoted funds that have been considered in terms of debenture is approximately $157 million. Apart from that from the findings it has been occurred that the company achieving money in terms of funds from the other investment and loans is $206million in same years. Moreover to raise the funds in effective manner the organization implements Bank loans as sources of finances. As per the financial reports it has been occurred that the organization funded by the inter national financial institution and export credit agencies on behalf of Canada, The united state and Australia along with the fifteen commercial financial banks. The main benefits of implementation of the bank loan are that it is easily available for the company and also bank provides long time to payment the loan. Moreover, within the bank loan the interest rate does not change with the time. As per the financial report of the company it has been also seen that company implementing the equity shares that are considered one of the effective sources of funds for big organization. The main objective of these sources of finances is the sharing of the organization ownership rights thereby the present stakeholders right adulterated to some extent. From the given information it has been occurred that in the year of 2015 the organization achieve equity shareholders funds was $24970 whereas in year of 2014millon the company obtained $25143million respectively. The organization Rio Tinto announced in year of 12 June 2015 the company introduced bounds by Rio Tinto finance limited. Bonds are distinguish from the other debt financing this is due to fact that the organization identifies the interest rate as well as when the organization will pay back. Therefore from the analysis and evacuation of the funding procedures it has been seen that the company effectively uses the sources of f inance. The organization Rio Tinto implements the unified procedures to corporate governance to incorporate with obligations and rules assorted with three effective principles stock exchanging listing in US, Australia and UK. As per the evaluation and analysis it has been seen that the organization effectively implementing companys policy on corporate governance within the company financial. Management of the organization is responsible for maintaining and establishing effective internal control over financial reporting. The organizations published financial statement for the purpose of external reporting in agreement with IFRS i.e. international financial reporting standards. Moreover the rules and regulations that are relevant and incorporated by the management within the financial statement are following; the company provides reflect and accurate transactions as well as disposal of assets in effective and successful manner. Provide effectible or reasonable assurances in which the transact ion of the company is recorded as important to permit peroration of the company financial statements with IFRS (Wo?ltje, 2008). Moreover the management of the company is prepared its financial statement true and fair at the end of financial year. Within the financial statement the company incorporates UK regulations that help them to represent the report fair and correct. The company making the remuneration report that contains the information needed by Regulation 11, schedule 8. Apart from that the organization also implements the accounts and reports regulation 2008 as amended as well as Australian corporation act 2001 that helps them to make its financial statement clear and effective (Mallett, Kendall and Boyd, 2007). Apart from that the management of the company is effectively responsible for maintaining effective accounting system in agreement with the Australian and UK regulations (Chapman, 2005). Therefore from the evaluation it has been said that the company effectively incorporating companys policy on CG within the financial statement. Sustainability is the main purpose of any organization to run the business for long time therefore that the company effectively maintains sustainability with incorporation of norms and regulations. To maintain the sustainability in most effective manner the management designed effective strategies that would helps them to manage both environmental and social risks, overseeing organizations management procedures and standards as well as obtaining compliance with the environmental and social resposibities. The sustainability committee members evaluates that the company effectively maintains rules and regulations associating with safety, relationship with neighboring committee as well as health employment practicing. In order to achieve better transparency as well as gain better performance the company corporate governance agencies provide the internal assurance which involves the group audit and assurance. The main role and resposibities of group audit and assurance is to offers objective and independence assurance on the effectiveness and adequacy of the groups procedures for internal control, risk management as well as government with suggestion to enhance the efficiency of the company procedures and system. Moreover internal audit methodology effectively align with the international auditing standards established by the IIA i.e. institute of internal auditors (riotinto, 2017). The organization Rio Tinto uses the external service provider services. The procedures and policies act in accordance with the IIAs standards on self-government (Pickett, 2011). In annual report the management of the company effectively stated that the company with provision C2.1 of the code that they effectively and sufficiency carried out vigorous and healthy assessment of the principle issues suffering the groups containing those that would intimidate its company model, solvency and performance. The main objective of the Rio Tintos vision and objective is to be an organization that is have a high regard and respected for delivering effective business values as the companys trusted partners. In order to sustain the business performance and execution for long the organization manages risks using risks assessment process, build long term values for their stakeholders as well as also maintain license to perform. In order to sustainable development the company implements the global reporting initiative guidance on completeness and materiality that would helps them to run business for long time. Moreover, to sustainability development in effective manner the company manage environmental regulations successful manner. The company Rio Tinto dealings its performance next to environmental norms by rating and tracking incidents in accordance with their actual compliance and environmental influence with the help of implementing five severity categories including medium, major, minor, ca tastrophic and serious (Wong, 2010). In order to manage the environmental in most effective and sufficient manner the company effectively implements the Australian national greenhouse and energy reporting regulations ACT 2007. Therefore from the analysis and findings it has been obtained that the company effectively maintain government rules and regulation in its financial statement as well as effective maintain the environmental act that helps them to run the business in smooth as well as profitable manner. References Bragg, S. (2009).Accounting control best practices. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Chapman, G. (2005).Report on Australian Accounting Standards tabled in compliance with the Corporations Act 2001 on 30 August and 16 November 2004. 1st ed. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Mallett, J., Kendall, K. and Boyd, B. (2007).ASIC's processes for receiving and referring for investigation statutory reports of suspected breaches of the Corporations Act 2001. 1st ed. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. Pickett, K. (2011).The essential guide to internal auditing. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. riotinto. (2017).riotinto. [online] Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/investors/annual-report-2015-16577.aspx [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017]. Wo?ltje, J. (2008).IFRS. 1st ed. Mu?nchen: Haufe Verlag. Wong, W. (2010).The risk management of safety and dependability. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.