PietyEast Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety essays

PietyEast Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety articles East Asia Tradition and the Practice of Filial Piety As indicated by Confucius, In serving his folks, an obedient child respects them in every day life; he satisfies them while he feeds them; he takes restless consideration of them in ailment; he shows incredible distress over their passing; and he forfeits to them with seriousness. The act of dutiful devotion has and has had direct ramifications for a people mental, social, and financial prosperity in East Asia. As per Chinese custom, the act of dutiful devotion was the essential obligation of all-Chinese. Being an obedient child or little girl accompanied a ton of family rules and customs. Complete acquiescence to their folks during their lifetime and as they develop more seasoned, taking the most ideal consideration of them. The act of obedient devotion could carry respect and notoriety to a network, an unfilial demonstration could bring disrespect and shared discipline. Inability to satisfy nearby norms of obedient devotion can bring about harm to ones own mental self portrait, los s of notoriety in the network, and loss of ones legacy. Refusal to satisfy commitments of obedient devotion made one think according to other Chinese. Obedient devotion is a social worth, which has enormously affected the parent care and parent-kid relationship of East Asian people groups. Among the ways to dutiful devotion in regular daily existence is keeping up a multi-generational huge family unit, and one of the most significant. Living with your family after marriage was enormous in East Asia. To separate ones family would be unfilial and social objection. At the point when you got hitched the ladies would move in with their spouses families. Men rehearsed obedient devotion by keeping up the solidarity of the parental family unit, while ladies rehearsed it by helping their spouses satisfy their dutiful obligations and as their ordinary obligations as little girls in-law. Every day family errands in complex families were dreary and endless work, requiring ar... <!

My Technical Description Is On My Dependable Coleman Flashlight. The C

My specialized portrayal is on my trustworthy Coleman electric lamp. The Coleman electric lamp is a hand-sized plastic spotlight, effectively convenient, which will fit into most vehicle glove compartments. The Coleman electric lamp has a general length of 6 inches. It has a measurement of 2 creeps at the leader of the electric lamp, and river to 1-1/4 crawls in distance across at the battery compartment. The body of the Coleman electric lamp, is fundamentally round and hollow fit as a fiddle, dark in shading, high-sway plastic, and ribbed for a safe hand hold. The Coleman electric lamp comprises of two significant parts in which I will portray: (a) the body, containing the battery compartment and the switch, and (b) the bulb gathering, containing the reflector, the bulb, and the connector. The spotlight is fueled by two 1.5 volt size C batteries. The body of the Coleman electric lamp is 5-5/8 inches, with a width of 2 crawls at the screw, or head end, narrowing to 1-1/4 creeps at the battery compartment. The inside of the screw end is strung, taking into consideration association with the bulb gathering. The battery compartment holds the batteries, the force hotspot for the electric lamp. The compartment is round and hollow, 3-1/2 inches in length and 1-1/4 crawls in distance across, with a curled metal spring on the inside of the shut end, and a 1/4-inch wide piece of gold-hued metal running along one inside side of the compartment. The compartment holds two 1.5-volt C batteries, in a stacked situation, with the negative finish of the lowermost battery in contact with the spring, and the positive finish of the lowermost battery supporting the negative finish of the highest battery. The open finish of the battery compartment shuts with the screw down addition of the bulb get together. The switch kills the electric lamp on and. The electric lamp switch is situated on the body of the Coleman spotlight 1-1/2 crawls from the screw end. The switch is of round dark plastic, intended to be enacted with the thumb of the hand holding the electric lamp. At the point when the switch is pushed forward, towards the bigger finish of the electric lamp, the light turns on. At the point when the switch is returned back to the first position, pushed toward the littler finish of the electric lamp, the light turns off. The bulb gathering of the Coleman electric lamp comprises of the reflector, the bulb, and the connector. When completely gathered, the bulb get together is 2 inches in length, with a distance across of 2 crawls at the reflector end diminishing to 3/4 inch at the contact end of the connector. The bulb get together finishes the electric lamp by screwing into the bigger end, or head end of the body of the Coleman spotlight. The reflector amplifies and extends the light created by the battery controlled bulb. When seen from the bigger end, the reflector comprises of a straightforward level plastic spread over a chrome-shaded intelligent plastic curved with a focal opening. The components are forever appended together and housed in dark plastic. The reflector screws into the connector toward one side, and the waist of the reflector gives the principle screw to connection to the Coleman electric lamp body. The light hotspot for the Coleman spotlight is a glass bulb, 1/2 inch long, forever melded onto a round and hollow metal base 1/2 inch long and 3/8 inch in measurement. The base of the metal base has a projection, giving the electrical association between the bulb and connector. The bulb itself contains a metallic fiber, one-a large portion of the length of the glass segment of the bulb, encompassed, at a point most of the way up the length, by an obfuscated white plastic-like material. The connector associates the reflector and bulb to the battery power source. The connector is of dark plastic, ringed with a metallic neckline 3/8 inch wide. The shut finish of the connector is mounted with a 5/6 inch-square gold-shaded metal strip. The metal strip encourages the association between the bulb and the batteries. The open finish of the connector is strung to permit getting together with the bulb and reflector. When completely gathered, the Coleman electric lamp is a tough effectively held instrument giving light adequate to customary open air and crisis use. The minimal size makes the electric lamp effectively convenient, and batteries and bulb are promptly available for substitution. Book index none

Campus Activities

Campus Activities So, now that youre on campus, you have all this free time, right? I mean, classes just started today, but that doesnt mean you still dont have tons of time to do fun stuff. I was digging around on my external hard drive today (which has saved my life more than once, invest in one pronto) and I found a video of me at the beginning of last year that I never blogged. For some brilliant reason I decided that the gallon challenge would be a fun activity to partake in. Not familiar with the gallon challenge? Here are the rules: 1) You have one hour to drink a gallon of milk (any % although whole is more manly) 2) You cant vomit Im the one in the orange fleece, in case you couldnt tell. This video also serves as a great look into the types of conversations that happen here and the kinds we chat about. The great part is that WILG (Womens Independent Living Group) dinner at IHOP was immediately after this so I proceeded to go eat a ton of bacon and be completely miserable all night, even after throwing up. Oh, and for the record, there was less than 1/8 of milk left in that jug. I WAS SO CLOSE!

The Astrolabe Using the Stars for Navigation and Timekeeping

Want to know where you are on Earth? Check out Google Maps or Google Earth. Want to know what time it is? Your watch or iPhone can tell you that in a flash. Want to know what stars are up in the sky? Digital planetarium apps and software give you that information as soon as you tap them on. We live in  a remarkable age when you have such information at your fingertips. For most of history, this wasnt the case. While today we might use  star charts to locate objects in the sky, back in the days before electricity, GPS systems, and telescopes, people had to figure out that same information using only what they had handy: the daytime and nighttime sky, the Sun, Moon, planets, stars, and constellations. The Sun rose in the East, set in the West, so that gave them their directions. The North Star in the night-time sky gave them the idea of where North was. However, it wasnt long before they invented instruments to help them determine their positions more accurately. Mind you, this was in the centuries before the invention of the telescope (which happened in the 1600s and is credited variously to Galileo Galilei or Hans Lippershey). People had to rely on naked-eye observations before that. Introducing the Astrolabe One of those instruments was the astrolabe. Its name literally means star taker. It was in use well into the Middle Ages and Renaissance and is still in limited use today. Most people think of astrolabes as being used by navigators and scientists of old. The technical term for astrolabe is inclinometer—which describes perfectly what it does: it allows the user to measure the inclined position of something in the sky (the Sun, Moon, planets, or stars) and use the information to determine your latitude, the time at your location, and other data. An astrolabe usually has a map of the sky etched onto metal (or can be drawn onto wood or cardboard). A couple of thousand years ago, these instruments put the high in high tech and were the hot new thing for navigation and timekeeping. Even though astrolabes are extremely ancient technology, theyre still in use today and people still learn to make them as part of learning astronomy. Some science teachers have their students create an astrolabe in class. Hikers sometimes use them when theyre going to be out of reach of GPS or cellular service. You can learn to make one yourself by following this handy guide on the NOAA website. Because astrolabes measure things that move in the sky, they  have both fixed and moving parts. The fixed pieces have time scales etched (or drawn) on them, and the rotation pieces simulate the daily motion we see in the sky. The user lines up one of the moving parts with a celestial object to learn more about its height in the sky (azimuth). If this instrument seems very much like a clock, thats not a coincidence. Our system of timekeeping is based on sky motions—recall that one apparent trip of the Sun through the sky is considered a day. So, the first mechanical astronomical clocks were based on astrolabes. Other instruments that you may have seen, including planetariums, armillary spheres, sextants, and planispheres, are based on the same ideas and design as the astrolabe. Whats in an Astrolabe? The astrolabe may look complex, but its based on a simple design. The main part is a disk called the mater (Latin for mother). It can contain one or more flat plates that are called tympans (some scholars call them climates). The mater holds the tympans in place, and the main tympan contains information about a specific latitude on the planet. The mater has the hours and minutes, or degrees of arc engraved (or drawn) on its edge. It also has other information drawn or engraved on its back. The mater and tympans rotate. Theres also a rete, which contains a chart of the brightest stars in the sky. These main parts are what make an astrolabe. There are very plain ones, while others can be quite ornate and have levers and chains attached to them, as well as decorative carvings and metalwork. Using an Astrolabe Astrolabes are somewhat esoteric in that they give you information that you then use to calculate other information. For example, you could use it to figure out the rising and setting times for the Moon, or a given planet. If you were a sailor back in the day you would use a mariners astrolabe to determine the latitude of your ship while at sea. What you would do is measure the altitude of the Sun at noon, or of a given star at night. The degrees the Sun or star lay above the horizon would give you an idea of how far north or south you were as you sailed around the world. Who Created the Astrolabe? The earliest astrolabe is thought to have been created by Apollonius of Perga. He was a geometer and astronomer and his work influenced later astronomers and mathematicians. He used principles of geometry to measure and try to explain the apparent motions of objects in the sky. The astrolabe was one of several inventions he made to aid in his work. The Greek astronomer Hipparchus is often credited with inventing the astrolabe, as is the Egyptian astronomer Hypatia of Alexandria. Islamic astronomers, as well as those in India and Asia also worked on perfecting the mechanisms of the astrolabe, and it remained in use for both scientific and religious reasons for many centuries. There are collections of astrolabes in various museums around the world, including the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, the Deutsches Museum in Munich, The Museum of the History of Science at Oxford in England, Yale University, the Louvre in Paris, and others.

Theory of Planned Behaviour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1646 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Rodgers and Sheldon (2002) observed the motivational factors behind internet shopping and suggested four underlying motives which are information, communication, exploration and acquisition. In conducting marketing research for e-commerce companies it is particularly important to study the consumer internet usage pattern. The need of the consumer which may be termed as the ultimate function or utility of the consumer instigates the requirement of conducting a particular behaviour. To understand the motives of each segment and to discover naturally occurring consumer groups drive towards knowing the characteristics and needs of every segment. Strategic and competitive advantage can be gained through identifying the unique needs and attitudes of the diverge consumer segments. Theory of planned behaviour The human decision making process could be explained by the theory of planned behaviour which is an extension of the theory of reasoned action. The variables i n the theory are attitude, behaviour, subjective norm, perceived behaviour control and intention. As an extension of theory of reasoned action, the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) explains the human decision making process (Azjen 1985, 1991; Azjen and Fishbein 1980). TPB assists the researcher in explaining behaviors over which individuals have incomplete voluntary control (See Figure 1). Variables included in the theory include a) attitude, b) behavior, c) subjective norm, d) perceived behavior control, and e) intention. Attitude toward a behavior and subjective norm about engaging in a behavior are supposed to control intention. Attitude depicts an individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s feelings, inclination or disinclination towards performing a behavior. Subjective norms reveal the individualà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of the influence of significant others (e.g., family, friends, peers, etc.) TPB additionally includes perceived behavior control over engaging in behaviors as an i nfluential form of intention. Perceived behavior control (PBC) relates to the sense of uncertainty that influences behavior directly or indirectly. As shown in the Figure 1, the Theory of Planned Behavior Model suggests that human behavioral decision- making is partially controlled by the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s actions. This part is defined as the perceived behavioral control variable. The perceived behavioral control variable may influence behavior through its impact on intentions as well as directly. For example, a consumer might refrain from shopping online if he/she perceives the purchasing process is complicated or if does not possess a credit card. Such considerations are incorporated into the Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen 1985, 1991). TAM (Technology Acceptance Model) Adapted from the Theory of Reasoned Action (Azjen 1980; Fishbein and Ajzen 1975), the Technological Acceptance Model suggests that a prospective technology userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s over all attitudes toward using a given technology-based system or procedure represents major determinants as to whether or not he/she will ultimately use the system (Davis 1993). TAM has been utilized in numerous settings involving varying forms of Theory of Planned Behavior (Figure-1) Attitude towards the behavior Intention Perceived behavioral Control Subjective Norm Behavior 11 technological adoption (Venkatesh and Davis 2000). It has also been successfully applied to help understand and explain the adoption of information systems/technology in marketing contexts; including Internet-based, retail consumer behaviors (Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Cass and Fenech 2003). In marketing contexts, external variables examined include shopping motives (Eastlick and Feinberg 1999), consumer skill/expertise, demographics (Mattilia et al. 2003), personality characteristics, and computer anxiety (Harrison and Rainer 1992). Diffusion of Innovation The concept of innova tion has received a great deal of attention within the diffusion of innovation framework particularly in relation to the information technology and marketing research (Agarwal and Prasad 1998; Midgley and Dowling 1978; Rogers, 1995). According to the Diffusion of Innovation a ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢personal innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- construct is conceptualized as the degree and pace of adoption of innovation by an individual. The innovativeness concept represents an innate phenomenon and is widely used in psychology to identify innovative characteristics of individuals (Kirton 1976). Innovativeness is considered a generalized personality trait (also called ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢global innovativenessÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-) (Goldsmith and Hofacker 1991; Goldsmith et al. 1995). The conceptualization of innovativeness has also been examined in marketing literature (e.g., Midgley and Dowling 1978; Flynn and Goldsmith 1993). Consum ers who are innovative are representative as being highly abstract and possess a generalized personality trait (Im, Bayus, and Mason 2003). Examples as to the levels of abstraction inherent across the various literatures utilizing this perspective include ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢a willingness to changeÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬- (Hurt et al. 1977) and the receptivity to new experiences and novel stimuli (Goldsmith 1984; Leavitt and Walton 1975). In general however, consumers are not necessarily receptive to change. The Internet is a fairly new and discontinuous innovation. That is, a form of innovation that requires individuals to learn new skills in order to use the technology. Research reveals that diffusion of innovation theory is applicable to the study of online shopping. Specifically, consumers who have personal preferences of shopping in a brick-and-mortar store or patronize one specific retailer will typically have difficulty in changing purchasing patterns (Kaufm an-Scarborough and Lindquist, 2002). Consumers who prefer traditional retail channels or conversations with customer service personnel during the purchasing process will typically avoid the online shopping channel regardless of the benefits offered (e.g., convenience). Perceived Risks Online transaction involves a temporal separation of payment and product delivery. A consumer must provide financial information (e.g., credit card details) and personal information (e.g., name, address and phone number) for delivery in order to complete the purchasing process. Risks perceived or real, exist due to technology failure (e.g., breaches in the system) or human error (e.g., data entry mistakes). The most frequently cited risks associated with online shopping include financial risk (e.g., is my credit card information safe?), product risk (e.g., is the product the same quality as viewed on the screen?), convenience (e.g., Will I understand how to order and return the merch andise?), and non-delivery risk (e.g., What if the merchandise is not delivered?) The level of uncertainty surrounding the online purchasing process influences consumersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" perceptions regarding the perceived risks (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Financial Risk: Financial risk is a possibility with shopping online due to the fact that consumers disclose sensitive information (e.g., credit card information) to a vendor. While the majority of online retailers are legitimate and have a secure website, there may be some illegal persons posing as online retailing for the purpose of credit card fraud (Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Security of the financial information and resources is the number one consumer of US online shoppers (Ranganathan and Ganapathy 2002). The perceived level of risk is often the deciding factor regarding which retail channel to patronize (i.e., brick-and-mortar vs. online retailer). Although research regarding Indianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s perceptions of financi al risk could not be found, it can be assumed that consumers in India and indeed worldwide have similar concerns regarding the perceived financial risk associated with online shopping. Product risk: Product risk consists of the risk associated with making an unwise or inappropriate purchase decision. The decision is typically made based on insufficient information that was provided on the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s website. Product risk may also be the risk of purchasing an expensive product because of the inability to compare prices, being unable to easily return a product, or not receiving delivery on a purchased product (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000). Poor product performance is another type of product risk. As customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" expectations of product performance increase, the potential for product performance problem also increases (Jarvenpaa, Todd and Bradd 1997; Vijayasarathy and Jones 2000, Bhatnagar et al. 2000). Convenience Risk: Convenience risk addresses the risk associated with the ease (or lack thereof) with ordering products and services through an online retailer. In a brick-and mortar store, consumers can readily solve their purchasing problems by going into the store as most retailers have a designated Return Department. The process is handledÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬-face-to-face.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å" The transaction is convenient in part because consumers are accustomed to the process. Online retailing poses a convenience risk. To ask questions, return a product, find a different size, or complain, consumers are unable to walk into the store. Instead, each online retailer has a different protocol. Some online retailers have a phone line, while others require the consumers to e-mail the question or comment. The consumers often perceive an increased level of convenience risk because they have a loss of connection with the retailer (Poal and Leunis 1999). After-sales service and timely responses to enq uiries are of great importance to consumers (Spence et al. 1970; Festervand et al. 1986). Non-delivery Risk: Once a consumer purchases a product online, delivery is the final step of the process. The risk of delayed and non-delivery of product. Since there is a physical separation between customers and products in web interface, it creates order assembly and transportation costs that are not incurred in traditional retailing (Rosen Howard 2000). These costs are so high that firms have no choice but to charge the shipping cost to the customers. Survey results have indicated that shipping fees are the main complaint of more than 50 percent of online shoppers and that more than 60 percent of shoppers have abandoned an order when shipping fees are added (Ernst and Young 1999). Lewis (2006) found that higher shipping fees are associated with reduced ordering rates, and policies that charge more shipping fees to larger orders lead to reduced order size. Time taken in receipt of order is also an important element in online shopping. Demographics Previous research has revealed that online buying behavior is affected by demographics, channel knowledge, perceived channel utility and shopping orientations (e.g., Li, Cheng, and Russell 1999; Weiss 2001). Results indicate that compared with brick-and-mortar shoppers, online consumers tend to be are older (Bellman et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Weiss 2001), better educated (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), have higher income (Bellman et al. 1999; Li et al. 1999; Donthu and Garcia 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003), and more technologically savvy (Li et al. 1999; Swinwyard and Smith 2003). Men are more likely to purchase products and/or services from the Internet than women (Garbarino Strahilevitz 2004; Korgaonkar and Wolin 1999; Slyke et al. 2002). Reasons for shopping online have been cited for time efficiency, avoidance of crowds, and 24 hour shopping availability (Karayann i 2003). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Theory of Planned Behaviour" essay for you Create order

Remove obstacles Free Essays

string(170) " strategy is its creation of new undiscovered markets through innovative activities, this strategy is value innovation and ultimately renders the competition irrelevant\." This is because the owner of the Chinese factory will not acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner and Lack of knowledge on International supply chain by the management 3) Macro – Economic:- The economy of every country and region differs In Its fundamental economic heartsickness, UN like Australia where there is relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and CARR of athletic apparel grew at 8. 3% comparing with other country CARR 0. 8%. We will write a custom essay sample on Remove obstacles or any similar topic only for you Order Now ) Socio economic 5) Financial 6) Legal 7) Physical 8) Political 9) Acculturation 10) Labor 1 1) Technological Benefits of globalization:- 1 )Cost benefit 2) Tattling benefit 3) Learning benefit 4) Arbitrage benefit Module 2:- Value chain of sports:- The mall supply chain for Seek seems quite short. It begins with producers of cloth and other materials for fashion clothes. Materials are purchased by the businesses that manufacture the clothing for Seek. The manufacturers are mainly small independent firms in Russia and Malaysia, but the company has its own small manufacturing subsidiary. The manufactured goods are transported to the company’s distribution centre in Russia. Seek buys the manufactured clothes that It has designed, and distributes them to centre in France. Retailers may be department stores or its own stores. There are also some e-sales direct to customers. There may be some weaknesses in the supply chain. Most sales are in Europe but most manufacturing is in Russia (Eastern Europe) or Malaysia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing, the costs of transporting the clothes to the distribution centre in Russia and then to the distribution centre in France may be quite high. There is no information about the efficiency of Cheeks delivery system, but operating with two distribution centers may be inefficient and slow down the transfer of manufactured goods to shops. Its competitor Ezra has a manufacturing centre in Europe and a modern distribution system. This may give Ezra a strategic advantage because transport costs should be lower and distribution times quicker. Ezra operates a Just in time system for ordering goods from manufacturers, and this seems to be more successful than Cheeks attempts to do the same thing. The supply chain operates slowly between Seek and its manufacturers, and this may put the company at a disadvantage compared with Ezra and H. Value chain of Sports apparel r SUPPLY CHAIN 1) Initial research :- Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Research plays a considerable time and money for value creation. 2) Target identified and validated :- A new product line hat daze is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards. These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. 3) Optimization :- 4) Development:- Dakar currently has a team of in house designers and sports scientist. The seven designers come form a variety of professional backgrounds, including fashion,sportswear swim wear and lingerie. 5) Testing :- Samples are generally created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. And company has a highly experienced team who cut make and trim the sample armaments prior to large scale production. ) Production:- Production occurs at a Chinese, family owned sports swear clothing manufacturer 7) Marketing:- In Australia Dakar operation through Online stores, with approximately 20 outlets. Distribution also occurs through major chains of sporting goods retailers and department stores. Through global Dakar operates through online and through agency agreements. Normal Supply chain:- The Main supply chain of Dakar is quite s hort. It begins with Innovation of product from the in-house R center, manufacturing in china, sales in online, distribution center. Weakens in supply chain:- Most sales happens in Australia. Although these areas may be cheaper for manufacturing the cost of transpiration the clothes to the distribution center in Australia may be quite high Industry segmentation:- Industry:- Athletic apparel Industry segmentation, Products:- Compression Tights, T-shirts and shorts, Triathlon suits and lightweight running singlet’s and shorts. Life cycle stage:- Growth:- As the Compounded annual growth rate of Australia market grew at 8. 3% from 2008 to 2012. Remote Environment:- Social:- The Australian market is perceived as a ideal market to test products placements on educated and informed consumers. This is beaus Australia has a relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity and relatively high levels of physical activity per capita, the highly developed Australian economy is dominated by a larger proportion of consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes. Technology:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products. Industry environment analysis:- Threat of new entrants to the industry:- As Athletic apparel great at a CARR at 0. % there is less chance that new competitor coming into the industry. Industries dominated by branded products are difficult to enter due to large amount of time and money required to create a competing branded products. And also Access to distribution channels as their goods and services through established distribution channels as those have already been locked by existing competitors. Market segment Analysis:- What makes a market:- Markets are aggregates of consumer groups with similar needs. Consumers having relatively high level of per capita participation in regular exercise and sporting activity. Needs:-Compression apparel is designed to improve athletic performance by reducing muscle vibration and improving circulation. Preferences:-This apparel has been credited not only with increasing athletic performance, but also with reducing recovery time and post exercise soreness Current solutions:- Market size:- This market contributes 10. 9 % of overall world Athletic apparel. Market growth:- The compression apparel has been exponential growth in the past five years with some us industry reports suggesting annual sales growth of 55% from 007-2010 and 68 percent of 20101-2013. Blue ocean strategy:- New customer markets:- This strategy is its creation of new undiscovered markets through innovative activities, this strategy is value innovation and ultimately renders the competition irrelevant. You read "Remove obstacles" in category "Papers" Consumer value is created through innovative activities that provide new and improved offerings Like Dakar is contemplating is in the area of compression sleeves and guards. These are compression wear items that protect selected parts of the body such as arm sleeves and calf sleeves. This will help consumer increased circulation to enhance recovery ND reduce soreness as well as providing sun protection. This protective sleeves market. Key success factors for Sports apparel are:- 1) Processing efficiency:- the organization must be price competitive on a global basis to compete effectively with local and global competitors. ) Product quality:- The organization must produce consistently reliable high quality products and position its brand to represent quality and good value 3) Understanding the customer. The organization must understand what the customer wants and needs what they value and where and when they want to shop 4) Product differentiation and innovation. To stay competitive the organization must be able to respond to changing customer needs and wants by delivering products in innovative ways. 5) The company has a broad portfolio of products. It does not rely for its success on one product or a limited range of products. A broad portfolio of products means that the company is not exposed to the risk of decline in the market for one or even a number of its products. Some products may be in decline but there will also be products that are still in the growth phase of their life cycle. 6) The organization must create customer wariness of the benefits associated with its products and where they can be purchased and products must be available where they shop. MODULE 3 Strategic drivers:- 1) Industry and Market:- Athletic apparel 2) Products:- compression tights, T-shirts, and shorts, triathlon suites, outerwear and other items designed to be worn before and after sporting activity 3) Customers:- Consumers who are early adopters of new technologies and products with high disposable incomes 4) Channels:- Dakar operates its own network of retail stores in Australia with 20 outlets, sporting goods retailers and department stores, online, and n international market through agency agreement example Singapore and Taiwan. ) Competitive advantage:- Dakar invests a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products Innovation.. Product reliability of their brand in Australia and other countries for last 5 years and also exclusive distribution channel also making the product differentiation. And also having wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider. Establishing a certain consistent image in the market, such as romp, courteous service can also be used as differentiating factor by the organization. Operation drivers:- Profit:- There is an increase in profit from 1. 1 Million to 21. 6 million and percentage of margin increased from 8% to 32. 5%. Cost:- Cost percentage has been decreased driver to order to meet the operation driver. Peoples and organization drivers:- The culture of an organization along with the employees it attracts and the resources it develops will naturally direct an organization. Strategic capabilities:- Valuable, rare, difficult to imitate or replicate, non substituted. SOOT analysis:- Strengths:- Well established organization structure, and passionate employees led by an executive management team that has largely keen in place since the company inception. The core group of employees have been individuals who love sport and exercise and also created by a group of elite athletes with an entrepreneurial dream. The culture at Dakar has typically been one of energy and excitement. Dakar is one of the leading brand in Australia Production quality is consistently maintained by their production centre in china Dakar invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and placement to introduce new products. Avian wide range of product range making it easy for a customer to find what they want from a single provider had a good team of in house designer and sports scientists good work culture Opportunities:- Dakar share of market is only 5. 5% of total 1. 2 billion, the sales need to be scaled up in order to gain the market share International expansion thro ugh JP and agreement with other companies Online sales are the big opportunity for expanding into international market. Weakness:- production capacity cannot be increased as their manufacturing facility in china to willing to acquire the new machinery required to produce additional quantities of products in timely manner Through agency agreements in place it does not currently opiate any company owned offices outside of Australia Threats:- Employees are currently appears to be a high level of inertia, confusion and uncertainty within the organization and its employees. Entry barriers like sheer quantity of retail outlet in Asia markets and regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in some Asian countries. Unlike CARR in Australia with 8. 3 % globally it was only 0. %. So same level margin cannot be expected by the Dakar. Gap Analysis:- The Dakar business is looking for International expansion opportunities and has identified the following gaps that need to be addressed in its business strategy. Capacity to business strategy gaps Production capacity cannot be increased to the anticipated demand Environment to business strategy gaps:- Global Leticia apparel grew at a CARR at 0. 8 % comparing with Australia CARR 8. 3% The sheer quantity of retail outlets in Asian markets. The regulatory barriers imposed on wholly foreign owned companies setting up in Aids etc there will be high switching cost to find new customer globally. Key stakeholders Gap:- In employees there is a growing perception that the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence growth and forts and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Ken tucked General Manager operations who takes care of production process has been suffering from rare illness and is planning to retire from daze within the next 6 months. Dakar need to find out the appropriate person to take of production process after Daze retirement. A lack of experience in lobar industry by the employees towards globalization Module 4:- Market development:- page 4. 14 Dakar is an alternative approach to product development is find new markets for existing products. Although the products are unchanged it is not clear how the related markets will respond to products that have not been specially designed for them and related market development can occur through expanding geographically. Innovation:- Innovation is the act of introducing something new. It is the process of creating a new product service proceed or other idea for an organization that will exults in increased customer value and positive changes in efficiency, quality, competitiveness, market share etc. Innovation process value chain in Dakar:- 1) Company invest a considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products and come out with an innovative idea. ) The product development team of in house designers and sports scientist will created a product that meet the Idea off product 3) These sample products are created in Australia in a purpose built facility at the Dakar head office. Dakar has a highly experienced team ho cut make and trim the sample garments prior to large scale production. 4) Once the product is satisfactory then the production will be taken place in their Chicane’s, family owned sportswear clothing manufacturer. 5) Marketing of the products ha ppens through Online, company owned outlets and international through Agency agreements. Key success factor for new product development and implementation:- 1) Affiance of development:- Dakar spends considerable amount of its financial resources in research and development of its products was comprehensive and effective in order to ensure success. )Seniority and authority of responsible managers:- Dakar is renowned for its commitment to product development since inception of the company. This is evident through its many successful brands and constant successful development. Development of New geographic markets:- The ability of an organization to internationalist depends on its ability to appreciate the environmental differences, understand the risks and implications, and then counter or adapt to them successfully. Critical questions to be addressed by any organization contemplating new market development include the following:- 1) The size and alee of the proposed market:- The global market for athletic apparel is 67. 7 but Australia share was only 1. 2 billion only 1% of the global market, there is a huge scope for the company to get the Market share. ) Market Growth:- Unlike CARR in Common mode of entry into new geographic markets:- page 4. 48 Module 5 Dakar will comes under organic systems Module 6:- Strategic leadership style:- Risk takers:- Key managers in Dakar are:- Will winsome CEO founder of the Dakar Jan Taylor leader the organization strategy in may 2010 Ken tucked, General manager production is there since Dakar started its business Mean Me an worked with Dakar since 2008 acting as an COOP Most of employees has completed good number of years in Dakar through out its growth phase By the above data we can come to an conclusion that Strategic leadership style was risk takers. -s Model:-This model is useful tool for testing whether a proposed strategy will achieve its aim by asking whether it aligns with the seven major areas under the model Strategy:- the vision of the company is to become one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands and its strategy towards to achieve its mission to increased sales by 10 time over the next 10 years, wrought entering into the new Geographical locations. Employees are feeling unsecured because they are in constant touch with executive team through the growth of the organization. Once company becomes global there may be chance the Executive team will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. Management should provide clear guidance and make sure that all the level of employee are participating to achieve to full fill company vision Structure:- the structure of the Dakar adopts with the globalization because there manufacturing facility is china and some portion of sales are through online and Agency agreement del. Systems:- Entering into new Geographical location will the current systems of organization. As they had good supply chain management because of the online sales and agency model Resources:- The manufacturing capacity which is china cannot improve the capacity with its current capacity in order to meet the demand. Company should look for an better alternative into to make sure the supply meets demand Skills:- The executive team does not have the international experience except Jane Taylor who is an General Manager strategy. Style Shared values :- Successful development of new markets:- page 4. 1) The identifiable benefits of expanding into the new market must be I line with the long term strategic goals of the organization 2) The organization must ensure that it has sufficient cash reserves to finance the new business until such time as it becomes self supporting 3) The organization should perform both internal and external analysis. The role of communication:- page 7. 37 Cotters 8 steps leadership:- Create Urgency:- Global athletic apparel market 67. Billion and Australia m arket data to the employee and their position in the global market in order to understand where there stand in the global market. This happens employee think what are the management expectation from the employee. It is the step where people need to know the need for change and what change is necessary for the company. Form a powerful coalition:- The leader need to convince the people for change. Many employees of Dakar Joined because it was a small, friendly and vibrant company that was popular and well respected in the Australia market. So, this is a very difficult task and need a real leadership quality to be done. Create a vision:- Dakar vision to be one of the 10 most recognized global sporting brands. It hold 40% share in Australia arrest in order to achieves its vision. It should expand in the international expansion opportunities through JP, Franchise, Retail or through Online mode. Several ideas and concepts should be organized properly in a proper form in order to make the person understand it. This will help Dakar employees to understand need for change. Communicate the vision:- it is not Just enough to communicate the vision to the people but it should be done with great power and confidence on a regular basis so that people can trust on it and it remains fresh in their mind so that they can respond accordingly. When ever Dakar opens the new stores and any product launches Will Winsome CEO will be presented. So he need to communicated to the employee what are the idea and vision of the Dakar. Remove obstacles:- instead of people accepting and promoting the change there are certain resisting the change due to which obstacles are often created in the path of the change so the leader need to identify these and correct these by giving rewards to those working good for the change and motivating the one who resisting it. The main perception in the employees was the company is becoming focused purely on a global presence, Roth and profits and will forget the employees that helped it to become successful. In order to avoid this the, Executive team need to make sure that all the employee who made a Dakar as employee of choice need to give chance to them. So that their perception will be removed from their mindset. Short term wins:- during the change in order to motivate the employees and boost up their performance short term targets should be given so that the employees could work hard to achieve it but after achievement they will be high on energy and performance. Assurance from will income that the company is planning to introduce an employee share program offered to full-time employees who have been employed by Dakar for more than 10 years is an example. Build on chance:- build on the change: the reason of most of the failures of change is the early declaration of victory, changes need to be done slowly and the impacts should not be Judged too early and the long term goals should be focused on. Anchor the changes in corporate: finally it should be taken care of that the change is done properly and is used in the regular day to day life of the work and the leaders would keep on supporting the change so that the employees and the new leaders who are brought in should feel comfortable working. An acquisition strategy can bring more immediate results, possible with less apexes and risk than starting a new subsidiary business operations. In order to become the global player M activity activity is must in order capture the market share. In order t o be successful in acquisition strategy. Dakar team need to take care these issues Purpose of acquisition towards global reach is an important aspect to be communicated to the employees Dakar Executive team should be have the focus n pursuing the strategy Jane Taylor organization strategy development lead has good knowledge on the international expansion which will help the company to resolve the implementation issues Dakar employee should be provided with enough growth in global expansion strategy otherwise there is chance of losing Key talent Acquisition is the best for market penetration because:- 1) Speed of entry :- There strategy towards achievement of the company vision by increasing sales by 10 times over the next 10 years can happen only if the market penetration happens through acquisition of new global entity 2) Vertical Integration:- Through acquiring the good company which has the good capacity to increase the production, because excising manufacturer in china will not to able to deliver the additional quantiti es required to meet anticipated demand and with reasonable time frames. 3) Technical leakage:- Dakar has spend good number of amount of R, which will differential with there competitors. If there is an acquisition there will be low risk of Technical knowledge leakage 4) Market Penetration:- Market penetration can happened very quickly because total market of acquired firm will the market of Dakar. Not need to again start from the scratch. How to cite Remove obstacles, Papers

Receiving and Referring Investigation Statutory Reports

Question: Discuss about the Receiving and Referring for Investigation Statutory Reports. Answer: Introduction: We would like to represent on you on the company accounting system made on the recommendation and feasibility report. In this report I am discussing about the company sources of findings as well as companys policy on corporate governance as well as also provide the suggestion. Funding is backbone of any organization and it helps the organization to achieve its set of objective in most effective and successful manner (Bragg, 2009). Therefore the funding associated with the finance is also most vital for the company Rio Tinto that is based upon the global mining and metals groups focused upon mining, funding, marketing as well as processing the Earths mineral resources. So that to obtain the objective in most vital as well as effective manner the organization implementing both internal as well as external sources of finances. The organization work on the high and effective quality project delivering company leading returns across the wide range of supplies. Therefore to obtain such quality of product the organization implementing internal sources of findings such as owners findings as well as existing cash reserves as well as future earnings from processing ore supplies. The main benefits of implementation of such type of sources of finances are that the com pany does not require repaying the interest. As per the evaluation and analysis of the financial statement it has been seen that company requires funds for development and well as extension objective with not raising the share capitals. Therefore to generate better fund the company borrow fund from the general public with the help of implementing issuing the certificates at fixed rate. Making funds such type of techniques known as debenture. As per the company financial report 2015, it has been obtained that the company obtaining funding from the equity share as well as quoted funds that have been considered in terms of debenture is approximately $157 million. Apart from that from the findings it has been occurred that the company achieving money in terms of funds from the other investment and loans is $206million in same years. Moreover to raise the funds in effective manner the organization implements Bank loans as sources of finances. As per the financial reports it has been occurred that the organization funded by the inter national financial institution and export credit agencies on behalf of Canada, The united state and Australia along with the fifteen commercial financial banks. The main benefits of implementation of the bank loan are that it is easily available for the company and also bank provides long time to payment the loan. Moreover, within the bank loan the interest rate does not change with the time. As per the financial report of the company it has been also seen that company implementing the equity shares that are considered one of the effective sources of funds for big organization. The main objective of these sources of finances is the sharing of the organization ownership rights thereby the present stakeholders right adulterated to some extent. From the given information it has been occurred that in the year of 2015 the organization achieve equity shareholders funds was $24970 whereas in year of 2014millon the company obtained $25143million respectively. The organization Rio Tinto announced in year of 12 June 2015 the company introduced bounds by Rio Tinto finance limited. Bonds are distinguish from the other debt financing this is due to fact that the organization identifies the interest rate as well as when the organization will pay back. Therefore from the analysis and evacuation of the funding procedures it has been seen that the company effectively uses the sources of f inance. The organization Rio Tinto implements the unified procedures to corporate governance to incorporate with obligations and rules assorted with three effective principles stock exchanging listing in US, Australia and UK. As per the evaluation and analysis it has been seen that the organization effectively implementing companys policy on corporate governance within the company financial. Management of the organization is responsible for maintaining and establishing effective internal control over financial reporting. The organizations published financial statement for the purpose of external reporting in agreement with IFRS i.e. international financial reporting standards. Moreover the rules and regulations that are relevant and incorporated by the management within the financial statement are following; the company provides reflect and accurate transactions as well as disposal of assets in effective and successful manner. Provide effectible or reasonable assurances in which the transact ion of the company is recorded as important to permit peroration of the company financial statements with IFRS (Wo?ltje, 2008). Moreover the management of the company is prepared its financial statement true and fair at the end of financial year. Within the financial statement the company incorporates UK regulations that help them to represent the report fair and correct. The company making the remuneration report that contains the information needed by Regulation 11, schedule 8. Apart from that the organization also implements the accounts and reports regulation 2008 as amended as well as Australian corporation act 2001 that helps them to make its financial statement clear and effective (Mallett, Kendall and Boyd, 2007). Apart from that the management of the company is effectively responsible for maintaining effective accounting system in agreement with the Australian and UK regulations (Chapman, 2005). Therefore from the evaluation it has been said that the company effectively incorporating companys policy on CG within the financial statement. Sustainability is the main purpose of any organization to run the business for long time therefore that the company effectively maintains sustainability with incorporation of norms and regulations. To maintain the sustainability in most effective manner the management designed effective strategies that would helps them to manage both environmental and social risks, overseeing organizations management procedures and standards as well as obtaining compliance with the environmental and social resposibities. The sustainability committee members evaluates that the company effectively maintains rules and regulations associating with safety, relationship with neighboring committee as well as health employment practicing. In order to achieve better transparency as well as gain better performance the company corporate governance agencies provide the internal assurance which involves the group audit and assurance. The main role and resposibities of group audit and assurance is to offers objective and independence assurance on the effectiveness and adequacy of the groups procedures for internal control, risk management as well as government with suggestion to enhance the efficiency of the company procedures and system. Moreover internal audit methodology effectively align with the international auditing standards established by the IIA i.e. institute of internal auditors (riotinto, 2017). The organization Rio Tinto uses the external service provider services. The procedures and policies act in accordance with the IIAs standards on self-government (Pickett, 2011). In annual report the management of the company effectively stated that the company with provision C2.1 of the code that they effectively and sufficiency carried out vigorous and healthy assessment of the principle issues suffering the groups containing those that would intimidate its company model, solvency and performance. The main objective of the Rio Tintos vision and objective is to be an organization that is have a high regard and respected for delivering effective business values as the companys trusted partners. In order to sustain the business performance and execution for long the organization manages risks using risks assessment process, build long term values for their stakeholders as well as also maintain license to perform. In order to sustainable development the company implements the global reporting initiative guidance on completeness and materiality that would helps them to run business for long time. Moreover, to sustainability development in effective manner the company manage environmental regulations successful manner. The company Rio Tinto dealings its performance next to environmental norms by rating and tracking incidents in accordance with their actual compliance and environmental influence with the help of implementing five severity categories including medium, major, minor, ca tastrophic and serious (Wong, 2010). In order to manage the environmental in most effective and sufficient manner the company effectively implements the Australian national greenhouse and energy reporting regulations ACT 2007. Therefore from the analysis and findings it has been obtained that the company effectively maintain government rules and regulation in its financial statement as well as effective maintain the environmental act that helps them to run the business in smooth as well as profitable manner. References Bragg, S. (2009).Accounting control best practices. 1st ed. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Chapman, G. (2005).Report on Australian Accounting Standards tabled in compliance with the Corporations Act 2001 on 30 August and 16 November 2004. 1st ed. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. Mallett, J., Kendall, K. and Boyd, B. (2007).ASIC's processes for receiving and referring for investigation statutory reports of suspected breaches of the Corporations Act 2001. 1st ed. Canberra: Australian National Audit Office. Pickett, K. (2011).The essential guide to internal auditing. 1st ed. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. riotinto. (2017).riotinto. [online] Available at: https://www.riotinto.com/investors/annual-report-2015-16577.aspx [Accessed 21 Jan. 2017]. Wo?ltje, J. (2008).IFRS. 1st ed. Mu?nchen: Haufe Verlag. Wong, W. (2010).The risk management of safety and dependability. 1st ed. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press.

Tales too dark to tell Essay Example For Students

Tales too dark to tell Essay Its easy to characterize the atrocities of the Cambodian holocaust as abhorrent crimes against humanity; explaining how such things could happen is far more difficult. Despite the political realities that allowed the Khmer Rouge of Pol Pot to take control of the country, many Cambodians cannot help but point the finger of blame at their collective selves. The irony and conflict inherent in such an epic moral quandary would make good drama anywhere. In Lowell, Mass., where Merrimack Repertory Theatre staged an adaptation of actor and author Dr. Haing S. Ngors own story of his survival of the Cambodian holocaust, the drama takes on particular weight. David Kent, now in his third season as artistic director of Merrimack Rep, says that in the past three years the company has rededicated itself to telling stories of the Lowell community. With the staging of The Survivor: A Cambodian Odyssey, the theatre has taken a giant step in that direction. Cambodians make up more than 20 percent of Lowells total populationin fact, with an estimated 25,000 people, it has the second largest Cambodian population of any city in the U.S. Kent felt that MRT had to embrace this community in a meaningful way. We will write a custom essay on Tales too dark to tell specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This city has developed an ability to incorporate immigrants into its fabricthough not perfectlyeven in the case of the Cambodian population, Kent observes. One in four students in the Lowell schools is Cambodian, and one in three Southeast Asian. And many of these are not just immigrants, but survivors of a holocaust. And so it was that Kent began searching for the vehicle to tell the story of that part of the theatres community. He enlisted playwright Jon Lipsky to supervise the creation of a script. Kent wanted to find paths into the Cambodian community of Lowell and harvest original, personal stories that could be forged into a theatrical event. One of the difficulties of doing so was that few Cambodian survivors ever speak of their experiences, Kent says. There was not only a cultural barrier, but the holocaust experience to overcome, he says. Or, as Lipsky notes, Theres a compact of silence surrounding the events. The subject matter makes it extremely difficult to get stories. Theres a natural resistance, and they dont tell the stories that are most meaningful without trust. It looked like a monumental task. Lipsky found his way in by accident, however, while in a bookstore looking for material about Cambodia. Haing S. Ngors now out-of-print autobiography, A Cambodian Odyssey, written with Roger Warner, told such a compelling tale of love and survival that Lipsky knew upon reading it that hed found what he calls the spine of the play. Ngors story has at the center of it an incredibly moving love story, which makes the horror all the more poignant, Lipsky says. Plus, theres an interesting antagonist, Pen Tip, who incorporates many of the figures who crossed Ngors trail. And finally, Ngor is the only Cambodian besides Dith Pran and Prince Sihanouk whom Americans know. Dr. Haing S. Ngor is in fact often confused with fellow Cambodian Dith Pran, the real-life former assistant to journalist Sydney Schanberg, whom Ngor played in the movie The Killing Fields. After the doctor was forced to become a slave in the rice fields and finally a manure spreader, Ngor ultimately escaped and discovered fame in America when he won an Oscar for his performance opposite Sam Waterston and John Malkovich. By virtue of his existence as a city dweller in Phnom Penh, Ngor, like Pran and millions of other Cambodians, was one of the new persons under the Khmer Rouge regime that toppled General Lon Nols government in 1975. The three million inhabitants of Phnom Penh were forced to evacuate within hours of takeover by the Khmer Rouge. The new persons were the last in line for food distribution and first in line for torture and execution. An estimated 1.2 to 2 million Cambodians died in the Khmer Rouge work camps. By denying his former status as a doctor and posing as a taxi driver named Samnang (Lucky), Ngor survived. But not without enduring near starvation, torture and the loss of his wife and most of his family. To this day Ngor defines himself as a survivor of the Cambodian holocaust. That is who I am. .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .postImageUrl , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:hover , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:visited , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:active { border:0!important; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:active , .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0 .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc38c527518f5d2eadff3bb38e8d61ec0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Henry Woronicz: in the rain with Oregon's own Renaissance man EssayThe Khmer Rouge systematically destroyed the family, village and religious ties that were the traditional fabric of Cambodian life, in order to begin a new communist existence with devotion only to the common good of the state. In the process, they committed atrocities as horrific as any in history. Ngor describes Khmer soldiers using bayonets to rip open the pregnant bellies of women suspected of being wives of intellectuals, then yanking out the unborn fetuses by hand and hanging them like windchimes from the roof. The film The Killing Fields, Ngor feels, hardly went far enough in depicting the horror. One of the major difficulties in adapting Ngors book, Lipsky notes, is communicating the extent of the horror without numbing the audience. If we get people only thinking, instead of feeling, that this is a horrible thing, then weve failed, he says. We have to allow people to have their feeling without going numb. Lipsky points out that as an autobiography, A Cambodian Odyssey is told from Ngors very specific point of view. To create a play with the requisite dramatic conflict and character development, Lipsky had to fill in the points of view of Ngors wife, My Huoy, and nemesis, Pen Tip. To insure artistic license, Kent and Lipsky got Ngors blessing to adapt his 500-page work freely, and consulted him numerous times as well. Kent and Lipsky knew that they would need help to represent the culture of Cambodia accurately on stage. And while they spent time in Buddhist temples and interacted with the Cambodian community when possible, the play owes much of its authenticity to the input of Samnang Wilson, who acted as a special assistant to the director. Wilson, a Cambodian survivor of the holocaust who lives in Boxford, Mass., says her own story is not that different from the drama on stage. Born in Phnom Penh and only 18 years old in 1975, Wilson lost her parents in the conflict, and then her husband was executed 15 days after her son was born. She escaped to Thailand in 1980, subsequently making her way to the U.S. I was afraid of reliving my own past, she admits, still emotional in recounting her reluctance to join the project. Ultimately, she decided it was more important to help tell the Cambodian story to the world. It was that element of memory that fascinated Lipsky. How does one go about remembering a holocaust? he asks. It takes an act of will to go back into your worst moments. The catalytic period in the development of the play actually came during a six-day workshop in January of this year, during which members of the Lowell Cambodian community were invited to observe and comment on the play-in-progress. Participating in the workshop were actors Ernest Abuba, who plays Pen Tip, and Dawn Akemi Saito, who plays Huoy. At one point during the workshop, Lipsky recounts, there was an impromptu conference with Samnang Wilson and the local Cambodians about a moment taken from the book in which Ngor and other survivors take out their revenge on a stray Khmer Rouge, ultimately decapitating him and installing his head under a sign reading Khmer Rouge, enemy forever. Perpetual revenge rejected While Americans like to think of things in black and white, Lipsky notes, Cambodians see ambiguity. The culture avoids directness. The Cambodians at the workshop explained that actually verbalizing Khmer Rouge, enemy forever, was to consign the nation to perpetual kum, or revenge. If you say forever, that means our sons and our sons sons will have to have revenge and it will never end, they said, suggesting a change. The change was made. And the play continued to change through the rehearsal period. The director and playwright both credit the actors with invaluable help and influence as it took shape. .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .postImageUrl , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:hover , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:visited , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:active { border:0!important; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:active , .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2 .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u70e9faa0b5d054a4862c5e50912990a2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Grave matters. EssayIn the case of classical Cambodian dancer Somaly Hay, the input was more personal. A former court dancer in Phnom Penh, she received a letter when the city fell from a Khmer Rouge soldier telling her how to behave in order to survive, which she did. She eventually escaped and now lives in Connecticut. Cambodian Odyssey is immensely ambitious not only in what it attempts on stage, but also as it seeks to straddle an enormous void between two cultures in its audience. It must suitably explain concepts of kum and kama to an American viewer, while adequately telling a painfully familiar story to a Cambodian audience unfamiliar with the language or even the medium of theatre. One of the cultural bridges that the play needed to gap was the nature and source of the evil that spawned the Cambodian holocaust. The play is not about the Khmer Rouge being villains, nor about Haing Ngor being a hero, Kent explains. The rules didnt apply, and the play calls for a reinvestigation of expectations in evaluating the experience. Although we begin with Ngor as a hero and Pen Tip as a villain, it becomes clear that they are really not that different, Lipsky says. Survival doesnt have to do with good or evil.

The top 5 education jobs for 2018

The top 5 education jobs for 2018 â€Å"I should teach† is the common refrain of people everywhere who are fed up with their jobs at any given moment, but actually taking steps toward making that switch takes a lot more than temporary frustration. Whether you’re already on an educational career path, trying to decide what comes next, or you’re one of those career changers who has decided to go ahead and commit to that change, we have some insight into some of the top educational job prospects in the next year. 1. Instructional coordinator/designerInstructional designers, also known as instructional coordinators, are educational professionals who work more behind the scenes. They’re not necessarily in the classroom, but rather work with schools, school districts, teachers, and educational companies to develop and oversee educational curriculums and teaching standards. Their job may include training teachers, reviewing and recommending textbooks, creating materials that align with how studen ts learn, working with new technology to develop comprehensive learning materials or programs, and instituting standards across disciplines or schools.With the growing emphasis on curriculum standards and using technology in the classrooms, this is a field that is expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years.What you’ll need: This is a pretty specialized field, and most instructional coordinators have a master’s degree, as well as past experience working as a teacher or a school administrator. Some states require that these coordinators have a license if they work in public schools, so be sure to confirm your own state’s requirements.What it pays: According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), instructional coordinators make a median annual salary of $62,460 per year, or $30.03 per hour.2. High school teacherTeaching high school is not for the faint of heart. It requires a strong degree of familiarity with a subject and the ability to con nect with teenagers in an educationally meaningful way. But if you’re up to the task of dealing with the nation’s 16-year-olds, there’s always a huge demand for secondary school teachers.High school teachers typically have a specialty (like English, history, or math), and may teach different academic levels within that specialty. The job is heavy on classroom management, with a high volume of students, because the teacher may have a significant courseload. Most high schools keep regular hours (early morning until mid-afternoon), but teachers might also have to put time in during evenings and weekends to prepare for the days ahead. The good news is that you’ll likely have summers off.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree, preferably in the education field. All states also require that public high school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school be sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for cert ification.What it pays: According to the BLS, high school teachers make a median annual salary of $58,030 per year.For more on how to snag teaching jobs:A Beginner’s Guide on How to Become a Teacher3. Elementary school teacherIf you’re interested in the classroom but are more interested in teaching a younger set of students, qualified elementary school teachers are also in high demand. Early childhood educators are responsible for the teaching and well-being of students ranging from kindergarten (or in some schools, pre-kindergarten) through fifth or sixth grade. They are often general specialists, and teach students a range of basic subjects like math, reading, writing, science, history/social studies to get them ready for the next grade. Because students are younger, there are often basic life skills taught as part of the classroom experience.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in early childhood education. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.  What it pays: According to the BLS, elementary school teachers make a median annual salary of $55,490 per year.For more on how to snag elementary school teaching jobs:How to Become a Kindergarten Teacher4. ParaprofessionalIf you’re interested in a career in education but don’t have an education-specific degree, becoming a paraprofessional can be a great first step. Paraprofessionals, sometimes called teacher’s aides, are educational professionals who assist teachers in the classroom. Duties may include teaching lessons, helping with classroom behavior management, taking attendance, monitoring students during activities, helping with grading, or working directly with students who need help. Paraprofessionals can be found in elementary schools, secondary schools, or daycare facilities.What you’ll need: A high school degree is usually the main educational requirement, but it helps to have completed some college courses or an Associate’s degree, particularly in education. Each state and school district has its own rules for paraprofessional certification, so you should see what your state requires. Many states and schools require that paraprofessionals take a standardized test to certify that these educators meet a minimum standard.  Ã‚  Ã‚   What it pays: According to the BLS, paraprofessionals make a median annual salary of $25,410 per year. This can vary based on experience, and whether the paraprofessional chooses to specialize in a particular teaching area (like special education).For more on how to snag paraprofessional jobs:How to Become a Paraprofessional5. STEM TeacherTeachers who specialize in the STEM field (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) have a hugely bright future, as more and more school systems look to prepare students for an increasingly digital world. This is a specialty, usually taught on the high school level, where teachers prepare students for further study in engineering or the sciences. STEM teachers plan lessons, develop activities, integrate technology, and use current technology and science concepts in the classroom.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree in the sciences or engineering. You may also need a bachelor’s degree or higher in education, as well. Each state also requires that public school teachers be licensed, so if you plan to teach in a public school make sure to understand what your own state’s requirements are for certification.What it pays: According to the BLS, these specialized STEM teachers make a median annual salary of $107,490 per year.If you’re considering an educational career path, it’s hard to think of a field that can be more fulfilling. If you’ve thought it over and have decided to set your career path in (or near) the classroom, th ere are a number of paths you can take to take advantage of the current trends in education. Wherever you choose to go, a focus on technology will always bring you to the most promising opportunities in today’s teaching world. Good luck!

Cultural Incomprehension between Europeans and Native Americans in the Essay

Cultural Incomprehension between Europeans and Native Americans in the Colonial Context - Essay Example It is usual for European explorers to use casually terms like "wilderness" and "unknown" to describe homelands of native people. In fact, these regions were the real milieu of Native American homes with their adjoining gardens and hunting lands. The journey of the Europeans and their entourage, bearing the massive inventory of the expedition could not have completed the mission without the co-operation and support of the natives. It is highly doubtful whether they would have survived in the rugged and hostile terrain without heavily relaying on the expertise of the natives for whom it was their home. The wealth of vital topographic knowledge about rivers, streams, hills, and passages might have been invaluable logistic support on their itinerary. Though they co-operated both Europeans and the natives may not have understood the full implications of the unfolding drama. There are plethoras of motives that goad explorers to brave the tumultuous waves of perilous oceans, to confront the dusty heat waves of the desert and to scale the precipitous cliffs. Nevertheless, social historians have narrowed down the motives of the men to the inordinate craving for gold, God and glory. Those who went for the mundane lure of wealth may not have much reflected on the experience of their contact with the alien people. However, the missionaries who went out to save souls might have been shocked at the sight of natives whose ways were totally unacceptable. They dumped the natives as heathens: The attitudes of BFM missionaries toward American Indian manifestations of heathenism were thus unremittingly ethnocentric. These Presbyterians could see nothing worth preserving in the rich and varied Indian cultures they entered (Coleman 80). Many Europeans failed to grasp the close link between health, environmental concerns and cosmology. As Kupperman observed such concept was also prevalent in England and France. (Kupperman 2000). It is somewhat surprising as medical theories in many European societies then, also took into consideration the relation between morality and well being and sometimes attributed illness to witchcraft While the attitude of the early missionaries were one of disgust at the sight of the savage practices of the natives, early diplomat-explorer could experience a sense of kinship with the savage chiefs. George Percy speaks of his first sight of a Powhatan werowance in 1607 as follows:His body was painted all with Crimson, with a chaine of Beads about his necke, his face painted blew, besprinkled with silver Ore as wee thought, his eares all behung with fine Copper or Gold, he entertained us in so modest a proud fashion, as though he had beene a Prince of Civil government, holding his countenance without laughter or any such ill behavior. (Bragdon 38) Kupperman (Kupperman 2000,63) has pointed out, Percy, himself a nobleman understood the nobility of the native but was unwilling to give much importance to his political stature. The range of the Indians was mainly in their land and their interaction with other cultures was minimal. The Europeans on the other hand with their spirit of expansion and lure for gold and

Reading summary 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reading summary 4 - Assignment Example First, hisba turn out to be a coercive, public power that may potentially punish individuals for holding to religious practices and beliefs; thus, violating liberal secular prescriptions for the religion’s good boundaries. Second, the subsequent legislations and the courts articulate hisba differently from how it is elaborated classically in the Islamic shari’a (Agrama 498). Shari’a aims at cultivating and securing certain moral values. But, the court judgments along with legislation hisba get articulated as a legal practice that connects with the protection of public order, public interest, religious beliefs and public order. Thus, explaining why it is hard to know if the country is a religious or secular state (Agrama 515). Therefore, the presented facts relating to present situations shows that secularism incessantly blurs along with politics and religion and its power depends on the precariousness categories it establishes. Thus, Egypt’s political-religious ambiguities express the deeper indetermination at the secular power foundation. Hence, the country is gradually abandoning its religion and adopting secularism following the introduction of different laws. Thus, it is not concluded if it is still a religious or a secular

Modernismo in Spanish-american Poetry of the 20th Century

Modernismo in Spanish-american Poetry of the 20th Century Abstract This research analyses Spanish modernismo in Spanish-American poetry. The paper investigates in depth the impact of Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones, the most influential modernista poets of the twentieth century, on the development and spread of modernismo in Spain. The received results demonstrate that Spanish modernismo was new for Latin America and differed much from European Modernism. Due to the spread of nationalism, modernista poets experienced rejection and criticism from the members of Spanish society that regarded their literary works as the imitation of European poetry. However, Lugones and Dario opposed the existing restrictions and implemented new forms of poetic expression. In this regard, some findings of this research are consistent with the previous studies, while other results provide new valid data to the issue of Spanish modernismo in the twentieth century.   Ã‚  Ã‚   1 Statement of the problem Spanish modernismo is considered by some researchers and critics to represent a real revolution in Spanish-American literature of the twentieth century. The fact is that by the end of the nineteenth century the poetry of Latin America began to decease, thus innovations had to be implemented to revive it. Modernismo was new for Latin America, and the poets who greatly affected the formation of this movement were Leopoldo Lugones and Ruben Dario, as they were the first persons who implemented European poetic traditions into their writings, transforming the linguistic basis of poetry. However, this viewpoint is sometimes challenged by literary scholars who make attempts to eliminate the impact of modernismo on Spanish-American poetry. Gwen Kirkpatrick suggests that such a biased vision is explained by the fact that â€Å"many discussions of modernismo are stereotypically describing a ‘rubenismo’, the hackneyed copies of Ruben Dario’s style , while forgetting the movement’s audacity and its sweeping display of subject matter and styles†1. The conducted researches aggravate the issue by drawing a parallel between Spanish modernismo and European modernism. As a result, they provide ambiguous and invalid findings in regard to modernismo in Spanish-American poetry, instead of clarifying various aspects of the twentieth-century Hispanic literature. 2 Introduction Spanish modernismo as a crucial literary trend of twentieth century Hispanic poetry was initiated by Leopoldo Lugones and Ruben Dario and achieved its peak in the years of 1888-1915. It had the major impact on Spanish poetry, but also affected other literary genres, such as short stories and novels. Modernismo appeared as a successful combination of the Symbolist and the French Parnassian literary movements and was especially widespread in Argentina, Mexico and Cuba2. Modernismo in Spain reflects various social and economic changes of the late nineteenth – early twentieth centuries. It is mainly characterized by the substitution of the former structural and thematic components for new elements that include experiments with meter and rhyme and the utilization of such themes as landscape and eroticism. Thus, modernismo possesses three principal features: 1) novelty in rhyme and meter; 2) new appreciation of poetry’s role and 3) increase in subject themes. Social changes influenced the poets’ understanding of their roles and made them adhere to the literary traditions of such European poets and writers as Edgar Allan Poe, Baudelaire and Whitman. Latin America differed from other European countries because of the fact that it made constant attempts to maintain the principles of national identity. As a result, Spanish literature used to adhere to conventional values, and any withdrawal from these particular traditions was regarded as a real danger to the issues of nationality. Modernist poets such as Dario and Lugones were usually considered as escapist s and Spanish-American poetry – as the imitation of foreign ways of expression. In view of these complex social and cultural restrictions, the rise of modernismo in Spain signified the elimination of the older stereotypes and the establishment of new models for poetry. The beginning of the twentieth century was also characterized by the spread of sciences and industries that contributed much to the formation of a rationalistic vision on life and universe. However, due to the existing restrictions, modernista poets of that period could only unite European values with traditional ideals in their literary works. In this regard, modernismo in Spain collided with more complexities than Modernism in other countries. These complexities resulted in the fact that Spanish poetry of the earlier twentieth century revealed much ambiguity and inconsistency. Various attempts of Spanish poets to utilise modernista elements in their works were regarded as the imitation of European literary sources, and modernismo in whole – as the trend of dependence. However, recent criticism on Hispanic poetry of the twentieth century challenged this viewpoint, providing valid data to prove the uniqueness and importance of Spanish modernismo. The themes and innovations of modernismo gave rise to many aesthetic and cultural tendencies of Spanish-American poetry of the twentieth century. The aim of the research is two-fold: 1) to analyse how modernismo represented a revolution in Spanish-American poetry in the 20th century; 2) to evaluate the importance of Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones in the formation of modernismo. The paper is divided into sections. Chapter 1 provides a statement of the problem that uncovers the principal thesis of the dissertation. Chapter 2 conducts a general overview of modernismo through social and historical contexts. Chapter 3 observes the critical works that are written on the issue of Spanish modernismo. Chapter 4 discusses the theoretical tools that are applied for the analysis. Chapter 5 evaluates in detail the impact of Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones on modernismo and the way they changed Spanish-American poetry. Chapter 6 provides a summarization of the received results, while Chapter 7 demonstrates the limitations of the research and gives the suggestions for further analysis of Spanish modernismo. 3 Review of the literature Various critical works are written on the issue of modernismo in Spain, providing rather contradictory findings. Cathy Jrade considers that modernista poets regarded the world as â€Å"a system of correspondences†3. Thus, they were in search of the ways to uncover the concealed truth about Latin America and the universe in whole. Some critical works on Spanish modernismo are aimed at analyzing modernista poetry through social contexts, including Noà © Jitriks Contradicciones del modernismo, Franà §oise Perus Literatura y sociedad en Amà ©rica Latina and Angel Ramas Rubà ©n Darà ­o y el modernismo4. According to Ricardo Gullon, â€Å"What is called modernismo is not thing of school nor of form, but of attitude†¦ That is the modernismo: a great movement of enthusiasm and freedom towards the beauty†5. Discussing Spanish modernismo and the poets who contributed to the formation of this movement, Gwen Kirpatrick points at Leopoldo Lugones as â€Å"a true precursor of what might be called the dissonant trend in Spanish American poetry†6. The researcher considers that Lugones greatly influenced other poets of the subsequent generations by rejecting the traditional poetic norms and implementing new modernista elements. Lugones’ legacy is especially obvious in the works of Cà ©sar Vallejo, Alfonsina Storni and Ramà ³n Là ³pez Velarde. Octavio Paz points at the fact that Lugones’ and Dario’s poetry is the beginning of â€Å"all experiences and experiments of modern poetry in the Spanish language†7. However, Paz also differentiates between Lugones and Dario; although he regards Dario as the initiator of modernismo, it is â€Å"Leopoldo Lugones who really initiates the second modernista revolution†8. On the other hand, some researchers criticize Lugones’ poetry and his impact on Spanish-American literature. For instance, Roberto F. Giusti claims, â€Å"What is Lugones’ literary personality? It is a difficult question to answer due to the simple fact that he lacks one†9. Amado Nervo contradicts this viewpoint by pointing at powerful aspect of Lugones’ poetry, especially Las montaà ±as del oro. Although Nervo acknowledges the impact of fo reign thinking on the works of Lugones, he nevertheless identifies many individualistic features of this modernista poet. As Nervo puts it, â€Å"Lugones’ personality is powerful, the most powerful in our America†¦ The outside influences, the variety of reminiscences, the trivial and intimate suggestions of sages, poets, anti artists clash in his soul with his own and diverse ideas†10. However, Ezequiel Martà ­nez Estrada suggests that Lugones’ poetry lacks real sincerity, he considers that â€Å"We see him [Lugones] change and contradict himself, but we never see him express himself with absolute sincerity†11. The different perception of Lugones’ poetry can be explained by the changes within Spanish society that shaped people’s understanding of poetry throughout the twentieth century. According to Manuel Pedro Gonzalez, those poets who directly succeeded Leopoldo Lugones greatly admired the poet’s excessive language and powerfu l verse12, but later generations of Spanish poets failed to rightfully perceive Lugones’ innovations, although they also borrowed some elements of his poetry. In view of such contradictory criticism on the issue of Spanish modernismo, the following analysis makes an attempt to solve this controversy and demonstrate a considerable impact of Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones on Spanish-American poetry of the twentieth century.   Ã‚   4 Research methodology The research utilises two theoretical research methods – a qualitative method and a discourse analytical approach. These methods provide an opportunity to investigate the issue of Spanish modernismo through various perspectives. The qualitative method is applied to the research to observe different views on the discussed issue, while the discourse analytical approach is aimed at analyzing cultural and social contexts that contributed much to the formation of modernismo in Latin-America. The discourse analytical approach explains the reasons for regarding Spanish modernismo as a revolution in Spanish-American poetry and the qualitative method interprets literary works of modernista poets. According to Ricoeur, â€Å"interpretation†¦ is the work of thought which consists in deciphering the hidden meaning in the apparent meaning, in unfolding the levels of meaning implied in the literal meaning†13. As appropriate methods for investigation, the q ualitative method and the discourse analytical approach demonstrate Spanish poetic traditions and the ways modernismo implemented new poetic forms.     Ã‚   5 Discussion 5.1. Background In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Spanish-American poetry experienced its prosperity due to the occurred historical and political events. However, gradually the poetry of Latin America exhausted its potentialities and reflected only illusionary visions of reality. At the end of the nineteenth century Spanish-American poetry almost completely rejected the poetic traditions of Romanticism, because it was impossible to adhere to these traditions in view of quick changes in values and modernization of life in many places of Latin America. As Octavio Paz rightfully points out, â€Å"Modernity is our style for a century. It’s the universal style. To want to be modern seems crazy: we are condemned to be modern, since we are prohibited from the past and the future†14. It was in that period when some Latin American cities began to inherit European ideals on culture, science and art. As Kirkpatrick puts it, â€Å"New immigration, varying degrees of industrialization, and labor-oriented social movements changed the maps of Spanish American cities in the early twentieth century†15. Thus, Spanish-American poets began to gradually reject the romantic representation of reality, instead revealing their interest in certain objects such as the female body and machines. Leopoldo Lugones was one of the first poets that applied to these themes in some of his poetic works, like Las montaà ±as del oro. Overall, modernista poets demonstrated great obsession with the principles of modernity and made constant attempts to increase the role of a poet in Spanish society. They withdrew from their participation in political affairs, instead transforming writing into a profession. In view of various innovations modernismo was aimed at creating a novel reality and styles of expression. According to Gordon Brotherston, the modernista poets, such as Ruben Dario, Manuel Machado, L eopoldo Lugones, rejected the material obsession that emerged as a result of industrial and scientific achievements, instead revealing true moral and cultural values16. As Paz puts it, â€Å"it has been said that modernismo was an evasion of the American reality. It would be truer to say that it was a flight from the local present reality†¦ in search of a universal reality, the only true reality†17. Spanish modernista poets reveal an idealistic treatment of poetry, paying a particular attention to the innovations of poetic forms and themes. The values of these poets appeared in contrast with the existing social norms and were reflected in their poetry. Modernismo represented a real revolution in Spanish-American poetry, because it was aimed at destroying the isolation of Latin America and at creating a novel discourse that could uncover the concealed truth about social and political situation of the country. However, the spread of modernismo was different in various part of Latin America. In particular, in Buenos Aires and Santiago of Chile, the South regions, modernismo was developed in a fast way, while in the area of Hispanic Carribean the process was considerably slow. In general, modernista poets were in search of the ways to create a language that would reflect social and spiritual discourse, making them closer to European poets. In this regard, the language of modernista poets is ambiguous. Applying to the qualitative approach it is possible to reveal this ambiguity, because this method provides an opportunity to rightfully interpret the controversial literary texts. According to Taylor, â€Å"Interpretation†¦ is an attempt to make clear, to make sense of an object of study. It aims to bring to light an underlying coherence or sense†18. Thus, on the one hand, the language of modernista poets appears as a visionary tool that uncovers reality changed as a result of various scientific innovations, while, on the other hand, it shapes national identity. Due to the fact that these two aspects are closely connected with each other, modernismo manages not only to reveal reality, but also to change the political and social courses established in Latin America. As Gonzalez puts it, modernismo introduces various aspects of modernity and alters Spanish poetry in whole19. According to Ricardo Gullon, â€Å"t he modernist writer is in first term modern man, and as so he becomes aware of himself as a citizen and believes in the possibility of the political and social reform†20. Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones were the first poets to reflect social modernity and the negative consequences of scientific innovations in their literary works. In their modernista poems they made attempts to combine national identity with foreign features. The following sections provide a more detailed discussion of Lugones’ and Dario’s impact on the formation of Spanish modernismo.   5.2. Ruben Dario as the initiator of Spanish modernismo At the end of the nineteenth century Ruben Dario (1867-1916) implemented the concept of modernismo to reflect a new period in Spanish-American poetry. Dario identified modernismo as the trend that corresponded with the essence of his time, when modernity began to influence various aspects of reality. Although Dario is regarded as a nationalistic poet, he is individual in his poetry, bringing up both social and national issues. Ruben Dario rejects the traditional elements of poetry by changing the conventional norms of verse and by introducing smooth rhythms into his poetic works. Simultaneously, Dario challenges and criticizes the reality that is presented in many literary works of Spanish-American literature of the nineteenth century. Through his poetry Dario rises against the materialization of Spanish life and against the wrong scientific ideals that prevailed in Latin America in that period of time. He also maintains individualism and independence, eternity and dream world; Dario is especially obsessed with beauty, demonstrating that beauty can be found in many displays. He moves beyond traditional portrayal of beauty, paying a particular attention to females’ sexuality as one of the principal images of beauty. For instance, in his poem Rhymes Dario claims, â€Å"Out on the sea a swift boat rowing, / rowing: the lover with his beloved, / flying to the land of dreams. / In the sunset light and the million glints / that flashed on the sea, those streaming oars / seemed made of burnished gold†21. This simple verse reveals the beauty of nature and the beauty of a loving couple; nature seems to correspond with their feelings – it is bright and clear, tender and light. However, by the end of the poem nature is changed, as Dario expresses uncertainty as to the future of these lovers: â€Å"Their fate? I do not know. I remember / that after a pallid twilight, the sky / darkened and the sea grew rough†22. Thus, nature conveys despair of Dario and the inability of lovers to change anything. Similar to nature that is exposed to constant changes, love also has the beginning and the end. This modernista poet pays much attention to language and he is in constant search of perfecting it. Musicality of Dario’s poetry and his exotic images inspire other Spanish poets, despite the fact that Dario is more interested in words than in the expressed meaning. Dario’s poetic language acquires power and symbolism; he gives new meaning to simple words and forms his unique rhetorical lexicon that reflects the spirit of Hellenism and Versailles. Applying to various poetic experiments, Dario increases the amount of metrical forms, either transforming classical forms or creating new ones. Dario’s first literary work Azul (1888) reveals musicality and sensuality of his sonnets. It was a real break in Spanish-American poetry due to the fact that Dario managed to substitute a complicated poetic verse of Spanish poets for a simplified and expressive form. In this collection Ruben Dario masterfully combines the symbols taken from ancient literary sources with his own symbols. Some of Dario’s symbols are the swan that symbolizes eroticism and chastity or centaur that embodies both human and animal features. In this regard, modernismo depends on various influences and literary trends; it manages to combine vulgarity and delicacy, reality and illusion, beauty and violence, extremes and simplicity. Ruben Dario’s modernista poetry introduces many elements into Spanish-American poetry of the twentieth century. In particular, in many poems of Blue Dario applies to the theme of escapism, that is, he escapes reality and involves his readers into the dream world. Dario’s escapism is refined and full of classical illusions. In response to various scientific inventions and reason, Dario creates poems that are closely connected with nature and passions. Although the poet usually depicts such negative feelings as sadness, disappointment, ennui and despondency, they are so expressive that they evoke powerful emotions. In the poem Melancholy Ruben Da rio states, â€Å"Brother, you that have light, please give me light / I am like a blind man. I grope about in the dark. / I am lost among the tempests, lost among torments, blinded / by fantasies, and driven mad my music. / That is my curse. To dream†23. Another element of Dario’s poetry that is widely adopted by all modernista poets is the tension between love and sexuality. In his later collection of poetry Songs of Life and Hope (1905), Dario brings up more profound issues of a man and universe, life and death, utilizing irony and bitterness. This is especially obvious in such poems as The Fatal Thing and Youth, Divine Treasure. In this regard, Dario and other modernista poets are often accused of inspiring anarchy in the country, but in reality Dario contributes to the creation of a certain ideological structure in Spanish-American poetry that is closely connected with culture. Applying to classical allusions and cultural images, Dario implicitly demonstrates his cultural tastes. Thus, Jean Franco suggests that â€Å"modernismo comes to imply not only a literary renewal under the influence of France but a certain exaltation of taste†24. In some of his poetic collections, including Songs of Life and Hope, Ruben Dario demonstrates his obsession with classical symbols and the images created by Dante in his epic poem. Dario is in constant search of combining these images with the aesthetic values of modernismo, the poetry with the whole universe. In other poems Dario, similar to Lugones, draws a parallel between natural phenomena and humans’ emotions; for instance, in the poem Nightfall in the Tropics Dario portrays nature through emotions: â€Å"Bitter and sonorous rises / The complaint from out the deeps, / And the wave the wind surprises / Weeps. / Viols there amid the gloaming / Hail the sun that dies, / And the white spray in its foaming / ‘Misere’ sighs†25. This verse reveals Dario’s experiments with language and form; and, according to Kirkpatrick, it is in these â€Å"experiments, ironies, discordance, and ambiguities, later poets will find the legacy from which they will construct new poetic languages†26. In this regard, Leopoldo Lugones borrows some modernista elements from the poetry of Dario, but he also implements many new elements of modernism o.  Ã‚      5.3. The influence of Leopoldo Lugones on Spanish-American poetry Although Leopoldo Lugones’ earlier poetic works are characterized by the adherence to romantic ideals, he gradually rejects these elements, bringing up the issues and values that are closely connected with modernismo. Despite the fact that Lugones’ patriotic tunes and concise rhyme are not the explicit features of modernismo, his changes in themes and the depiction of certain ideologies through poetry demonstrate the poet’s important role in the transformation of Spanish-American poetry of the twentieth century27. According to Kirkpatrick, simultaneously combining some genres and moving from one extreme to another in his poetic works, â€Å"Lugones dramatizes the conflict between modernismo’s formalism and the shift into the twentieth century’s more private sense of poetic language†28. Similar to Dario, Lugones maintains the idea of language perfection, but he regards language as a tool that should be refined. Lugones considers that poetic language should be as much expressive as possible, but â€Å"by directing attention to language as a technical instrument, Lugones initiates a dissonant trend in modern Spanish-American poetry†29. With the help of expressive language Lugones manages to combine various elements in his poems, such as ironical eroticism and the portrayal of landscape, colloquial speech and unromantic scenes. Lugones takes his images from outward things, depicting the changed urban and rural scenery of Spain. Simultaneously, Lugones’ modernista elements reflect his obsession with French literary poetic traditions; however, â€Å"Lugones discounts the American setting as being too primitive to allow for the development of a complex and refined expression†30. Although in his early poems Lugones only implicitly reveals modernista elements, he intensifies them in his later poetry. This especially regards Las montaà ±as del oro (1898), where Lugones makes an attempt to combine rather contradictory elements through an allegorical form. It is in this poetic collection that Lugones introduces such innovations as enormous excesses, undisguised exaggeration and bizarre humour that are utilise d in his later poems. Introducing various thematic opposites in Las montaà ±as del oro, Lugones manages to achieve integrity of expression. The structure of the book resembles Dante’s poems, revealing that Lugones applies to some classical allusions in his poetry. This is especially obvious in the following words: â€Å"I was alone / between my thoughts and eternity. I was / crossing with Dantesque steps the night†31. In the poem Metempsicosis Leopoldo Lugones combines the powerful images of landscape and animal features to reveal the opposites between two elements: â€Å"An evil moon was loosing itself – with its yellow skeleton face / in distances of dream and problem; / and there was a sea, but it was an eternal sea, / asleep in a suffocating silence / like a sick, fantastic animal†32. Metempsicosis is followed by other poems, such as A Histeria, Rosas del Calvario, Oda a la Desnudez, Antifonas, Nebulosa Thule and others that are full of erotic images and the theme of darkness. In his female images Leopoldo Lugones combines both calm beauty of a woman and fierce portrayal of femme fatale. Applying to such conventional symbols of female images as moon, apples, flowers, breast and others, Lugones demonstrates that these images are beautiful, but they embody darkness and destruction. As a result, Lugones’ female images reflect the desire for possession and desecration: â€Å"I want a golden crown to encircle / your heart†¦ and I want you to triumph, naked like a host, in the ideal Easter ceremony of my pleasures†33. Similar to Dario, Lugones’ sexual images are usually connected with various religious images and Greek mythology, the feature that is characteristic to modernismo. However, Lugones’ images are more turbulent and definite, like in the poem A Histeria: â€Å"And so your embrace was like the knot of a noose, / and like glacial floes were your lips, / and bitter wires were my tendons, / and so the enormous stallion was a black wind†34. Thus, Lugones draws a parallel between violence and females’ sexuality; this connection is evident in Los Celos del Sacerdote: â€Å"desired crucifix of the weddings / and the triumphant grace of your waist. / like an amphora filled with magnolias, / and the impenetrable iris of your sex, / iris fool of blood and anguish†35. In another poem Oceanida Lugones applies to specific sexual images of Vista that symbolize eroticism and beauty. Some poems of Lugones’ poetic collection Las montaà ±as del oro reflect the sadomasochistic components that constitute one of the most important themes of Lugones’ poetry. In particular, the poet combines the images of violence and punishment with the images of females’ sensuality: â€Å"I shall praise the affection of your embrace, / just as the lecherous ascetic in his battles pulls tight the hairshirt around his kidneys†36. The images of sexuality and violence are repeated several tines throughout the poems, thus repetition is one of the most crucial poetic tools of Lugones. These repetitions, mainly taken from Poe’s literary style, provide Lugones with an opportunity to move from one extreme to another, maintaining the necessary integrity of expression. For instance, in the poem Oda a la Desnudez Lugones constantly repeats the word ‘nakedness’: â€Å"Look at the nakedness of the stars; / the noble nakedness of the savage panthers of Nepal, the pure flesh / of the newborn; your divine nakedness which shines like a lamp†37. Leopoldo Lugones implicitly brings up the tensions between nature and scientific discoveries, between reason and myths, between people and environment. In this regard, Lugones is similar to Ruben Dario who criticizes science and material obsession of his era in his modernista poems. Lugones combines ancient elements with new discoveries of the nineteenth century, evaluating both positive and negative sides of the present. Thus, according to the discourse analytical approach, Lugones’ and Dario’s poetic language is closely connected with the components of social and political contexts38. The poem Hymn to the Moon from Lugones’ Sentimental Lunario reflects French adoptions and is characterized by irony and new metric form. The poem The Cicadas from The Book of the Landscapes is belonged to one of the most modernista poems of Leopoldo Lugones; applying to daily images, the poet portrays them through ironical vision. However, one of the best modernista poetic collections of Leopoldo Lugones is certainly Los crepà ºsculos del jardà ­n (1905), where the poet intensifies sexual and erotic elements. In this collection Lugones not only utilises many modernista structures and symbols, but he also implicitly criticizes modernismo’s technicality. As Lugones constantly experiments with his poetry, he implements new elements taken from different literary movements and classical literary sources; thus he manages to observe both strong and weak sides of modernismo. Exaggeration appears the principal tool of expression in Los crepà ºsculos del jardà ­n; as Kirkpatrick puts it, Lugones â€Å"exaggerates certain themes by extending their development too far, or points out certain techniques by explicitly commenting on their use within the poems themselves†39. Thus, the poet creates not one swan in his poems, but several swans; portraying the image of a woman, he does not restrict himself to some features, instead he describes every aspect of her appearance, even the colour of her clothes. Although Leopoldo Lugones initiates the second wave of modernismo in Latin America, he moves away from it in his later poetic works, because he feels that he has already researched this new area and continues to experiment with other literary trends40. Utilising all modernista elements in his Los crepà ºculos del jardà ­n, he begins to study the archetypal elements of Jules’ Laforgue’s poems. However, Lugones’ later withdrawal from modernismo does not minimize his crucial role in the formation of modernismo. As Kirkpatrick rightfully claims, â€Å"Although Ruben Dario is the undisputed master of the movement, many later poets have found the complex, sometimes troubling, poetic experiments of Leopoldo Lugones to signal openings for a renewed poetic practice†41. The fact is that Lugones’ constant changes of forms and styles, turbulent eroticism and the portrayal of common life attracted attention of many Spanish-American poets. Tensions and ambiguity that are slightly seen in the works of other modernista poets are considerably intensified in Lugones’ poetry42. 5.4. The Legacy of Modernismo Ruben Dario and Leopoldo Lugones as the major contributors to the formation of Spanish modernismo left a considerable legacy to other poets who began to utilise modernista elements of Lugones and Dario in their poetic works. Some of these poets are Ramà ³n Là ³pez Velarde, Cà ©sar Vallejo, Jorge Luis Borges, Octavio Paz, Alfonsina Storni, Julio Herrera y Reissig, Federico Garcis Lorca, Pablo Neruda and Vicente Huidobro. Their poetry is characterized by expressiveness and freedom, perfection of language and search of new forms, classic allusions and new themes, simplicity of syntax and musicality of words, free verse and powerful visual images. For instance, in his poetic works Ramà ³n Là ³pez Velarde follows Leopoldo Lugones, combining the elements of eroticism with various prosaic elements. Other modernista poets also utilise prosaic components in their poetry, including Baldomero Fernà ¡ndez Moreno and Enrique Banchs. These poets implicitly appl y to Lugones’ method to create opposites; however, they differ from Lugones, using simple colloquial language. Besides, the tone of their poems is quiet in contrast to excessive and exaggerated tone of Lugones. Julio Herrera y Reissig, another modernista poet, greatly resembles Lugones in his representation of sexuality and